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Nuclear Medicine > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Average blood pumped per min (in L)

A

4 to 6 L

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2
Q

Path of circulation of blood through the heart (in order):

A

Vena Cava
Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Arteries (Deoxygenated)
Lungs - Capillary Beds
Pulmonary Veins (Oxygenated)
Left Atrium - Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve
Aorta

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3
Q

Heart Wall (Layers)

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Cardiac Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve - Right
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve - Left
Pulmonic Valve - Right
Aortic Valve - Left

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5
Q

Function of Pulmonary System

A
  • Removes waste (CO2)
  • Acid / Base Balance
  • Low-pressure System
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6
Q

Function of Systemic System

A
  • Deliver O2 and essential nutrients to the body.
  • High Pressure System
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7
Q

Systole Cardiac Mechanics

A
  • Atrial Relaxation
  • Ventricle Pump / Contraction
  • Tricuspid / Bicuspid Valves Close
  • Pulmonic / Aortic Valves Open
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8
Q

Diastole Cardiac Mechanics

A
  • Atrial Pump / Contraction
  • Ventricular Relaxation
  • Tricuspid / Bicuspid Valves Open
  • Pulmonic / Aortic Valves Close
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9
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Systolic/Diastolic
120/80 (mm Hg) = Normal
140/90 (mm Hg) = Hypertension

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10
Q

The Coronary Arteries supply blood to _________.

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

The Right Coronary Artery feeds the ____________ of the heart.

A

Posterior

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12
Q

The Left Anterior Descending Artery feeds the ________ & _______ of the heart.

A

Front & Apex

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13
Q

The Left Circumflex Artery feeds the ___________ of the heart.

A

Left Lateral Side

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14
Q

Cardiac Coordination Process (in order):

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atrial-Ventricular (AV) Node
Bundle Branches
Perkinje Fibers

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15
Q

“Waves” of an EKG

A

P
QRS
T
U (Sometimes)

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16
Q

P wave of an EKG

A

Atrial Contraction

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17
Q

QRS Complex of an EKG

A

Ventricular Contraction

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18
Q

T wave of an EKG

A

Reset

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19
Q

R to R interval of an EKG

A

Timing of Ventricular Contractions

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20
Q

Heart Ejection Fraction

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart during contraction
50% to 75% is normal
Below 50% is abnormal

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21
Q

Heart EF Formula

A

EF = Stroke Volume (mL) / End Diastolic Volume (mL)

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22
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Stroke Volume * Heart Rate

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23
Q

EKG X-Axis Readings

A

Time
1 mm = 0.04 sec
5 mm = 0.2 Sec
5 lrg Boxes (2.5 cm) = 1 sec
30 lrg boxes (15 cm) = 6 sec

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24
Q

EKG Y-Axis Readings

A

Voltage of the Heart
1mm = 1 mV

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25
Q

Cardiac Cycle (PQRST)

A

P = Atrial Depolarization
QRS = Ventricular Depolarization
Plateau Phase
T = Rapid Phase (Ventricular Repolarization)

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26
Q

Standard EKG leads

A

Leads 1 through 3

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27
Q

Precordial EKG leads

A

V1 through V6

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28
Q

Reading Heart Rate (by EKG blocks)

A

of blocks / Heart Rate

1 / 300
2 / 150
3 / 100
4 / 75
5 / 60
6 / 50

(300 / # of blocks)

29
Q

Bradychardia

A

Slow Heart Rate
Below 60 bpm

30
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast Heart Rate
Above 160 bpm

31
Q

Heart Block 1st Degree

A

Between QR interval
(no clinical indication)

32
Q

Heart Block 2nd Degree

A

Between QRST
Loss in Ventricular Beat
(Cured by Pacemaker)

33
Q

Heart Block 3rd Degree

A

P wave = Doing its own thing
QRS wave = Doing its own thing
(Complete Heart Block)
(Get help immediately)

34
Q

Cardiac Stress Test pharmacologic adjunctive drugs:

A

Regadenoson (Lexiscan) = Vasodilator
Adenosine (Adenocard) = Vasodilator
Dobutamine = Increased Heart Rate (Beta Blocker)
Atropine = Increases Heart Rate

35
Q

Cardiac Stress Test Radiopharmaceuticals:

A

SPECT:
- Tc-99m Sestamibi (Cardiolite)
- Tc-99m Tetrofosmin (Myoview)
- Tl-201

PET:
- Rb-82 Chloride (Generator)
- N-13 Ammonia (Cyclotron)

36
Q

Cardiac Stress Test target heart rate formula

A

(220 - age in years) * 0.85 = Target Heart Rate

37
Q

Indications for Cardiac Stress Imaging

A
  • Detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • Risk stratification of post-myocardial infarction prior to discharge
  • Risk stratification w/ chronic stable CAD
  • Risk stratification w/ low risk acute coronary syndrome patients
  • Risk stratification (general)
38
Q

Cardiac Stress Test Early Termination:

A

Symptoms: Angina Pectoris, Dyspnea or Fatigue, Ataxia / Dizziness
- Poor Perfusion
- PATIENT REQUESTS TERMINATION
- Excessive SI changes
- Sustained Tachy-arrhythmias
- Developed left bundle branch block
- Blood Pressure response

39
Q

Cardiac Stress Test Contraindications:

A
  • Asthmatic
  • Patients receiving aminophylline in the last 24 hours
  • Systolic BP below 90 mm Hg
  • Profound sinus bradycardia (HR < 40 bpm
  • Allergies
  • > 400 lbs = Convert to Pet
  • > 280 lbs = 2 Day Exam
40
Q

Blood Perfusion Formula

A

Perfusion = mL/g or mL/min/g

41
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood flow to meet metabolic & oxygen demand

42
Q

PCI or PTCA

A
  • Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
  • Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angiplasty (ie: stint)
  • Revascularization
43
Q

CABG

A
  • Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
  • Heart is stopped for the procedure
  • Blood is pumped through a heart/lung bypass machine
  • Single to Quadruple Bypass
44
Q

Sarcoidosis

A
  • Granulos Inflammation of Tissue
  • Most commonly in Lungs / Lymphnodes
  • Can go to Bones, Spleen, and Heart
45
Q

Amyloidosis

A
  • ATTR or Transthyretin Amyloidosis
    ○ Accumulation of abnormal transthyretin proteins
    ○ Misfolded proteins > aggregate >tissue damage
    ○ Affect heart, kidneys, nerves, eyes, joints, etc…
    ○ Medication to reduce or stabilize TTR production
  • AL or Amyloid Light Chain Amyloidosis
    ○ Plasma cell disorder
    ○ Light chains in blood and urine
    ○ Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation
46
Q

Tc99m-PYP

A

Pyrophosphate
Used in Amyloidosis Treatment

47
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the Heart Muscle
Most commonly viral infection

48
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericardium)
Most commonly viral infection

49
Q

Cardiac Tumor

A

Can get tumor anywhere in the heart
Most common tumor is from metastatis

50
Q

Endocarditis

A

Infection of the heart valves
Caused by bacteria

51
Q

Cardiac Autonomic Innervation

A

Uses MIBG (similar to how norepinephrine works)
Binds to receptors

52
Q

Cardiac Right to Left Shunt

A
  • Use of MAA (Macro-Aggregated Albumin)
  • MAA should stop in lungs
  • MAA bypasses the lungs through a septal hole in heart
  • Causes poor oxygen circulation throughout the body
  • Scan quantifies how much shunt is present from lungs to the rest of body
53
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Skull
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Spine (C, T, L)
  • Ribs
54
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Scapula
  • Pelvis
  • Extremities
55
Q

Osteo-

A

Bone

56
Q

Capillary Size

A

10-30 microns

57
Q

If cancer has metastasized, the cancer is automatically at stage ____.

A

4

58
Q

4 Quadrants of the Abdomen

A

Right Upper
Left Upper
Right Lower
Left Lower

59
Q

Calvarium

A

Skull

60
Q

Cerebral Cortex is responsible for:

A
  • Large motor skills
  • Bodily function
61
Q

Cerebellum is responsible for:

A
  • Fine motor skills
  • Balance
62
Q

Lateral ventricles are responsible for:

A
  • Containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid
  • Transfers nutrients around the brain
63
Q

A DaT Scan views the ________.

A

Striatum
- Caudate Head
- Putamen (Tail)

64
Q

The cell wall contains a triple layer of polar membranes that allow what soluble material through (per layer)?

A

Top layer - Water Soluble
Middle Layer - Fat Soluble
Bottom Layer - Water Soluble

65
Q

Lipids/Fats

A

Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Triglycerides

66
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules that contain C, H, O chains
End in “ose”
“Glucose”
“Sucrose”
“Xylose”

67
Q

Proteins

A

Amino Acid Chains
Enzymes end in “ase”

68
Q

How many naturally occurring Amino Acids are found in the body?

A

21

69
Q

Octreotide

A

8 Amino Acid Bond

Nuclear Medicine (6 decks)

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