Basic Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards
What are the functions of the endocrine system
What are the 5 main methods of communication
Synthesized, secreted by specialized cells => blood
Act slowly, maintain int environment
- Paracrine
- Autocrine
- Endocrine
- Neurocrine
- Neuroendocrine
What are the main properties of peptide hormones
- Polarity regarding water
- State in the blood
- Main organelle needed for synthesis
- How is it stored in cells, what form
- How is it released
Name 4 important peptide hormones
Polarity regarding water
-hydrophiic
State in the blood
-free in plasma
Main organelle needed for synthesis
-RER
How is it stored in cells, what form
-as precursor in vesicles
How is it released
-[Ca] increases => exocytosis
GnRH
GHRH
Insulin
Prolactin
What are the 2 types of tyrosine derivative hormones
Name 2 key derivatives from each type
Catecholamines
- dopamine
- adrenaline
Thyroid hormones
-Thyroxine
What are the main properties of catecholamines
- Polarity regarding water
- State in the blood
- Main organelle needed for synthesis
- How is it stored in cells
Polarity regarding water
-hydrophilic
State in the blood
-free in plasma
Main organelle needed for synthesis
-multienzyme synthesis
How is it stored in cells
-stored in secretory granules/vesicles
What are the main properties of thyroid hormones
- Polarity regarding water
- State in the blood
- Main organelle needed for synthesis
- How is it stored in cells
Polarity regarding water
-hydrophobic
State in the blood
-Protein bound to TBG
Main organelle needed for synthesis
-formed in thyroglobulin in colloid
How is it stored in cells
-stored in colloid
What are the main properties of glycoprotein hormones
- Polarity regarding water
- State in the blood
- Main organelle needed for synthesis
- How is it stored in cells
- How is it released from cells
Name 4 main glycoprotein hormones
Polarity regarding water
-hydrophilic
State in the blood
-free in plasma
Main organelle needed for synthesis
-RER
How is it stored in cells
-vesicles as precursor
How is it released from cells
-increased [Ca] => exocytosis
TSH
FSH
LH
hGC
What are the main properties of steroid hormones
- Polarity regarding water
- State in the blood
- Main organelle needed for synthesis
- How is it released from cells
Name 3 main steroid hormones
Polarity regarding water
-hydrophobic
State in the blood
-bound to albumin, CBG
Main organelle needed for synthesis
-multienzyme synthesis from cholesterol in SER, MT
How is it released from cells
-diffusion
MC
GC
Weak androgens
What are the 5 main release patterns
- give an example of a hormone that is released in this way
Pulsatile
-GnRH
Circadian
-cortisol
Diurnal (day/night)
Infradian (24hr+)
-menstruation
Seasonal
-prolactin
Describe the negative feedback system that links the CNS, hypothalamus, pituitary, target organ and other inputs
Descending inputs CNS Hypothalamus Pituitary Peripheral gland Target Effect
Inhibitory signals from hormone to higher centers
Other inputs can also have inhibitory effects
Describe the negative feedback system that links the input, free standing gland, target and effect
Input
Free standing gland releases hormone
Target affected
Effect acts on free standing gland
How would you assess the hormone levels radioactively
Make a standard curve
- keep amount of radioactive hormone and AB the same
- change conc of non marked hormone
- as [hormone] increases, amount of radioactive bound complex decreases
Incubate plasma sample with same amount of AB and isotope
How would you do ELISA testing
Primary AB recognizes AG
Second AB bound to enzyme and binds to primary AB
Substrate processed by enzyme => fluorescent product
