Basic Principles and Practices Flashcards
used as a basis for reference because it has known concentration
Standard
2 types of quality control
normal control
pathologic control
within the reference range
normal control
outside the reference range
pathologic control
what is the difference between precision and accuracy
precision gives a producibility that results in near values while accuracy gives an exact values
DNA samples
Molecular Diagnosis (no contaminants)
only for manufacturing and never used in clinical laboratory
Technical or Commercial Grade Reagent
OSHA Requirements:
- indicate lot number
- physical or biological health hazard
- precautions for safe usage and storage
- MSDS
calibrator and standard materials
Standard reference materials
corrects or increases the precision and accuracy of the machine
calibrator
everything is oxygen there is nothing with this water
distilled water
process of removing microorganism except nutrients
purified water
have the most stringent requirements for the test methods require minimum interference
Type I
what are the composition of type I
Trace metals
Iron
Enzyme
Other analyses
serum in nature that has normal and pathologic control
Quality control
exact, definite and reference
Standard
can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies
prefiltration
removes organic materials and chlorine
filtration
includes bacteria
submicron filters
2 components of quantitative results
test value and label identifying the units
SI
Syteme International D’ Unites
only system employed in many countries and provide global scientific community with a uniform method of describing physical quantities
SI system units
SI system units
metric system
7 basic units
length (m) mass (kg) quantity of a substance (mole) Time (second) electric current (ampere) thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) luminous intensity (candela)
is a derivative or a mathematical function describing one of the basic units
derived units
The SI uses?
standard prefixes
unit for wavelength
angstrom
all necessary reagents and respective storage containers are prepackaged as a unit
kit
enzymatic
Glucose oxidase
usually readily available
reagents
exist in varying grades of purity
analytic chemicals
ACS
American Chemical Society
states the actual values
Labels on reagents
have been put through additional purification steps for use in specific procedures
Ultrapure chemicals
are used to manufacture drugs, the limitations established for this group of chemicals are based only on criterion of not being injurious to individuals
USP and NF grade chemicals
indicate that the impurity limitations are not stated and that preparation of these chemicals is not uniform
Reagents designation of CP or pure grade
is often used to ascertain the acceptable purity range
melting point
also have varying grades of purity that differs from those used to classify inorganic reagents
organic reagents
approaches the purity level of chemical
CP
which is certified to contain impurities below certain levels established by the ACS
Reagent grade
is a highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity
primary standard
ACS primary tolerance for primary standard
100+ 0.02%
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
are used instead of ACS primary standard materials
Standard reference materials
lower purity, which concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard
secondary standard
is the most frequently used in reagent in the laboratory
water
water solely purified by distillation produces
distilled water
water purified by ion exchange produces
deionized water
pumps water from semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis water
water can also be purified by
ultrafiltration, ultraviolet light, sterilization, or ozone treatment
6 categories based in specifications rather than method of purification or preparation
clinical laboratory reagent water special reagent water instrument feed water water supplied by method manufacturer autoclave and wash water commercially boiled purified water
monitoring parameters
microbiological count pH resistivity silicate particulate matter organics
longheld convention for categorizing water
types 1, 2 and 3
7 types of water treatment
prefiltration distilled water deionized water reverse osmosis ultrafiltration and nanofiltration ultraviolet oxidation sterilization
can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies
prefiltration
removes organic materials and chlorine
filtration cartridges
includes bacteria
submicron filters
hard water may require prefiltration with
glass or cotton filters
hard water contains
calcium, iron, other dissolved elements
removes almost all organic materials
Distilled water
anion and cation exchange resin
Deionized water
uses an anion resin followed by a cation resin
two-bed system
pretreatment of water and uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane
reverse osmosis
excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any PYROGENS AND ENDOTOXINS
Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
can destroy bacteria
ultraviolet oxidation, sterilization processes and ozone treatment
is acceptable for glassware washing
type III
acceptable for analytical requirements
type II water
methods requiring minimum interference
type I
HPLC may require
0.2 mm final filtration
testing procedures to determine the quality of reagent grade water include measurements of
resistance, pH, colony counts, metal detection
is measured because pure water, devoid of ions is a poor conductor of electricity
Resistance
the relationship of water purity is linear to
resistance
reagent grade water
initial filtering
reverse osmosis
deionization
0.2 mm fliter
a substance that is dissolved in a liquid
solute
is expressed as percent solution, molarity, molality or normality and because these are non-SI expressions are so widely used
concentration
expressed as number of moles per 1 Liter of solution
Molarity
amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent
Molality
number of grams equivalent weights per 1 L of solution
Normality
Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure
vapor pressure
freezing point
boiling point
is the pressure at which the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor
Vapor pressure
is the temperature at which the the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases are the same
Freezing point
is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere
Boiling point
is the pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium between compartments of differing concentrations
Osmotic pressure
the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is
proportional to the concentration of the molecules in solution
1 osmole equals
molarity or molality X no. of particles
freezing point
-1.86 degrees celcius
boiling point
0.52 degrees celcius
vapor pressure
0.3 mm Hg
osmotic pressure is increased by a factor of
1.7x 10 to the 4th power mm Hg
an oxidation-reduction potential and is a measure of the ability of a solution to accept or donate electrons
Redox potential
substances that donate electrons
reducing agents
accepts electrons
oxidizing agents
is a measure of how well electricity passes through a solution
Conductivity
the reciprocal of conductivity and is a measure of a substance’s resistance to the passage of electric current
Resistivity
the primary application of resistivity in the clinical laboratory is:
assesing the purity of water
weak acids and bases and their related salts and minimizes changes in hydrogen ion concentration
Buffers
decrease in hydrogen
acid
increase in hydrogen
basic
the pH scale is from
0 to 14
describes the dissociation characteristics of weak acids
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
another important aspects of buffers
ionic strength
increasing the ionic strength
decreases the rate of particle of migration which can also affect electrophoretic separation
