Basic Principles and Practices Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
used as a basis for reference because it has known concentration
A
Standard
2
Q
2 types of quality control
A
normal control
pathologic control
3
Q
within the reference range
A
normal control
4
Q
outside the reference range
A
pathologic control
5
Q
what is the difference between precision and accuracy
A
precision gives a producibility that results in near values while accuracy gives an exact values
6
Q
DNA samples
A
Molecular Diagnosis (no contaminants)
7
Q
only for manufacturing and never used in clinical laboratory
A
Technical or Commercial Grade Reagent
8
Q
OSHA Requirements:
A
- indicate lot number
- physical or biological health hazard
- precautions for safe usage and storage
- MSDS
9
Q
calibrator and standard materials
A
Standard reference materials
10
Q
corrects or increases the precision and accuracy of the machine
A
calibrator
11
Q
everything is oxygen there is nothing with this water
A
distilled water
12
Q
process of removing microorganism except nutrients
A
purified water
13
Q
have the most stringent requirements for the test methods require minimum interference
A
Type I
14
Q
what are the composition of type I
A
Trace metals
Iron
Enzyme
Other analyses
15
Q
serum in nature that has normal and pathologic control
A
Quality control
16
Q
exact, definite and reference
A
Standard
17
Q
can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies
A
prefiltration
18
Q
removes organic materials and chlorine
A
filtration
19
Q
includes bacteria
A
submicron filters
20
Q
2 components of quantitative results
A
test value and label identifying the units
21
Q
SI
A
Syteme International D’ Unites
22
Q
only system employed in many countries and provide global scientific community with a uniform method of describing physical quantities
A
SI system units
23
Q
SI system units
A
metric system
24
Q
7 basic units
A
length (m) mass (kg) quantity of a substance (mole) Time (second) electric current (ampere) thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) luminous intensity (candela)
25
is a derivative or a mathematical function describing one of the basic units
derived units
26
The SI uses?
standard prefixes
27
unit for wavelength
angstrom
28
all necessary reagents and respective storage containers are prepackaged as a unit
kit
29
enzymatic
Glucose oxidase
30
usually readily available
reagents
31
exist in varying grades of purity
analytic chemicals
32
ACS
American Chemical Society
33
states the actual values
Labels on reagents
34
have been put through additional purification steps for use in specific procedures
Ultrapure chemicals
35
are used to manufacture drugs, the limitations established for this group of chemicals are based only on criterion of not being injurious to individuals
USP and NF grade chemicals
36
indicate that the impurity limitations are not stated and that preparation of these chemicals is not uniform
Reagents designation of CP or pure grade
37
is often used to ascertain the acceptable purity range
melting point
38
also have varying grades of purity that differs from those used to classify inorganic reagents
organic reagents
39
approaches the purity level of chemical
CP
40
which is certified to contain impurities below certain levels established by the ACS
Reagent grade
41
is a highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity
primary standard
42
ACS primary tolerance for primary standard
100+ 0.02%
43
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
44
are used instead of ACS primary standard materials
Standard reference materials
45
lower purity, which concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard
secondary standard
46
is the most frequently used in reagent in the laboratory
water
47
water solely purified by distillation produces
distilled water
48
water purified by ion exchange produces
deionized water
49
pumps water from semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis water
50
water can also be purified by
ultrafiltration, ultraviolet light, sterilization, or ozone treatment
51
6 categories based in specifications rather than method of purification or preparation
```
clinical laboratory reagent water
special reagent water
instrument feed water
water supplied by method manufacturer
autoclave and wash water
commercially boiled purified water
```
52
monitoring parameters
```
microbiological count
pH
resistivity
silicate
particulate matter
organics
```
53
longheld convention for categorizing water
types 1, 2 and 3
54
7 types of water treatment
```
prefiltration
distilled water
deionized water
reverse osmosis
ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
ultraviolet oxidation
sterilization
```
55
can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies
prefiltration
56
removes organic materials and chlorine
filtration cartridges
57
includes bacteria
submicron filters
58
hard water may require prefiltration with
glass or cotton filters
59
hard water contains
calcium, iron, other dissolved elements
60
removes almost all organic materials
Distilled water
61
anion and cation exchange resin
Deionized water
62
uses an anion resin followed by a cation resin
two-bed system
63
pretreatment of water and uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane
reverse osmosis
64
excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any PYROGENS AND ENDOTOXINS
Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
65
can destroy bacteria
ultraviolet oxidation, sterilization processes and ozone treatment
66
is acceptable for glassware washing
type III
67
acceptable for analytical requirements
type II water
68
methods requiring minimum interference
type I
69
HPLC may require
0.2 mm final filtration
70
testing procedures to determine the quality of reagent grade water include measurements of
resistance, pH, colony counts, metal detection
71
is measured because pure water, devoid of ions is a poor conductor of electricity
Resistance
72
the relationship of water purity is linear to
resistance
73
reagent grade water
initial filtering
reverse osmosis
deionization
0.2 mm fliter
74
a substance that is dissolved in a liquid
solute
75
is expressed as percent solution, molarity, molality or normality and because these are non-SI expressions are so widely used
concentration
76
expressed as number of moles per 1 Liter of solution
Molarity
77
amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent
Molality
78
number of grams equivalent weights per 1 L of solution
Normality
79
Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure
vapor pressure
freezing point
boiling point
80
is the pressure at which the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor
Vapor pressure
81
is the temperature at which the the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases are the same
Freezing point
82
is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere
Boiling point
83
is the pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium between compartments of differing concentrations
Osmotic pressure
84
the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is
proportional to the concentration of the molecules in solution
85
1 osmole equals
molarity or molality X no. of particles
86
freezing point
-1.86 degrees celcius
87
boiling point
0.52 degrees celcius
88
vapor pressure
0.3 mm Hg
89
osmotic pressure is increased by a factor of
1.7x 10 to the 4th power mm Hg
90
an oxidation-reduction potential and is a measure of the ability of a solution to accept or donate electrons
Redox potential
91
substances that donate electrons
reducing agents
92
accepts electrons
oxidizing agents
93
is a measure of how well electricity passes through a solution
Conductivity
94
the reciprocal of conductivity and is a measure of a substance's resistance to the passage of electric current
Resistivity
95
the primary application of resistivity in the clinical laboratory is:
assesing the purity of water
96
weak acids and bases and their related salts and minimizes changes in hydrogen ion concentration
Buffers
97
decrease in hydrogen
acid
98
increase in hydrogen
basic
99
the pH scale is from
0 to 14
100
describes the dissociation characteristics of weak acids
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
101
another important aspects of buffers
ionic strength
102
increasing the ionic strength
decreases the rate of particle of migration which can also affect electrophoretic separation
