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clinical chemistry > Basic Principles and Practices > Flashcards

Basic Principles and Practices Flashcards

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1
Q

used as a basis for reference because it has known concentration

A

Standard

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2
Q

2 types of quality control

A

normal control

pathologic control

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3
Q

within the reference range

A

normal control

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4
Q

outside the reference range

A

pathologic control

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5
Q

what is the difference between precision and accuracy

A

precision gives a producibility that results in near values while accuracy gives an exact values

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6
Q

DNA samples

A

Molecular Diagnosis (no contaminants)

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7
Q

only for manufacturing and never used in clinical laboratory

A

Technical or Commercial Grade Reagent

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8
Q

OSHA Requirements:

A
  • indicate lot number
  • physical or biological health hazard
  • precautions for safe usage and storage
  • MSDS
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9
Q

calibrator and standard materials

A

Standard reference materials

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10
Q

corrects or increases the precision and accuracy of the machine

A

calibrator

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11
Q

everything is oxygen there is nothing with this water

A

distilled water

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12
Q

process of removing microorganism except nutrients

A

purified water

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13
Q

have the most stringent requirements for the test methods require minimum interference

A

Type I

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14
Q

what are the composition of type I

A

Trace metals
Iron
Enzyme
Other analyses

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15
Q

serum in nature that has normal and pathologic control

A

Quality control

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16
Q

exact, definite and reference

A

Standard

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17
Q

can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies

A

prefiltration

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18
Q

removes organic materials and chlorine

A

filtration

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19
Q

includes bacteria

A

submicron filters

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20
Q

2 components of quantitative results

A

test value and label identifying the units

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21
Q

SI

A

Syteme International D’ Unites

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22
Q

only system employed in many countries and provide global scientific community with a uniform method of describing physical quantities

A

SI system units

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23
Q

SI system units

A

metric system

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24
Q

7 basic units

A 
length (m)
mass (kg)
quantity of a substance (mole)
Time (second)
electric current (ampere)
thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
luminous intensity (candela)
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25
Q

is a derivative or a mathematical function describing one of the basic units

A

derived units

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26
Q

The SI uses?

A

standard prefixes

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27
Q

unit for wavelength

A

angstrom

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28
Q

all necessary reagents and respective storage containers are prepackaged as a unit

A

kit

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29
Q

enzymatic

A

Glucose oxidase

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30
Q

usually readily available

A

reagents

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31
Q

exist in varying grades of purity

A

analytic chemicals

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32
Q

ACS

A

American Chemical Society

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33
Q

states the actual values

A

Labels on reagents

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34
Q

have been put through additional purification steps for use in specific procedures

A

Ultrapure chemicals

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35
Q

are used to manufacture drugs, the limitations established for this group of chemicals are based only on criterion of not being injurious to individuals

A

USP and NF grade chemicals

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36
Q

indicate that the impurity limitations are not stated and that preparation of these chemicals is not uniform

A

Reagents designation of CP or pure grade

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37
Q

is often used to ascertain the acceptable purity range

A

melting point

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38
Q

also have varying grades of purity that differs from those used to classify inorganic reagents

A

organic reagents

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39
Q

approaches the purity level of chemical

A

CP

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40
Q

which is certified to contain impurities below certain levels established by the ACS

A

Reagent grade

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41
Q

is a highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity

A

primary standard

42
Q

ACS primary tolerance for primary standard

A

100+ 0.02%

43
Q

NIST

A

National Institute of Standards and Technology

44
Q

are used instead of ACS primary standard materials

A

Standard reference materials

45
Q

lower purity, which concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard

A

secondary standard

46
Q

is the most frequently used in reagent in the laboratory

A

water

47
Q

water solely purified by distillation produces

A

distilled water

48
Q

water purified by ion exchange produces

A

deionized water

49
Q

pumps water from semipermeable membrane

A

Reverse osmosis water

50
Q

water can also be purified by

A

ultrafiltration, ultraviolet light, sterilization, or ozone treatment

51
Q

6 categories based in specifications rather than method of purification or preparation

A 
clinical laboratory reagent water
special reagent water
instrument feed water
water supplied by method manufacturer
autoclave and wash water
commercially boiled purified water
52
Q

monitoring parameters

A 
microbiological count
pH
resistivity
silicate
particulate matter
organics
53
Q

longheld convention for categorizing water

A

types 1, 2 and 3

54
Q

7 types of water treatment

A 
prefiltration
distilled water
deionized water
reverse osmosis
ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
ultraviolet oxidation 
sterilization
55
Q

can remove particulate matter for municipal water supplies

A

prefiltration

56
Q

removes organic materials and chlorine

A

filtration cartridges

57
Q

includes bacteria

A

submicron filters

58
Q

hard water may require prefiltration with

A

glass or cotton filters

59
Q

hard water contains

A

calcium, iron, other dissolved elements

60
Q

removes almost all organic materials

A

Distilled water

61
Q

anion and cation exchange resin

A

Deionized water

62
Q

uses an anion resin followed by a cation resin

A

two-bed system

63
Q

pretreatment of water and uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane

A

reverse osmosis

64
Q

excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any PYROGENS AND ENDOTOXINS

A

Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration

65
Q

can destroy bacteria

A

ultraviolet oxidation, sterilization processes and ozone treatment

66
Q

is acceptable for glassware washing

A

type III

67
Q

acceptable for analytical requirements

A

type II water

68
Q

methods requiring minimum interference

A

type I

69
Q

HPLC may require

A

0.2 mm final filtration

70
Q

testing procedures to determine the quality of reagent grade water include measurements of

A

resistance, pH, colony counts, metal detection

71
Q

is measured because pure water, devoid of ions is a poor conductor of electricity

A

Resistance

72
Q

the relationship of water purity is linear to

A

resistance

73
Q

reagent grade water

A

initial filtering
reverse osmosis
deionization
0.2 mm fliter

74
Q

a substance that is dissolved in a liquid

A

solute

75
Q

is expressed as percent solution, molarity, molality or normality and because these are non-SI expressions are so widely used

A

concentration

76
Q

expressed as number of moles per 1 Liter of solution

A

Molarity

77
Q

amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent

A

Molality

78
Q

number of grams equivalent weights per 1 L of solution

A

Normality

79
Q

Colligative Properties

A

osmotic pressure
vapor pressure
freezing point
boiling point

80
Q

is the pressure at which the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the water vapor

A

Vapor pressure

81
Q

is the temperature at which the the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases are the same

A

Freezing point

82
Q

is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solvent reaches one atmosphere

A

Boiling point

83
Q

is the pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane to establish equilibrium between compartments of differing concentrations

A

Osmotic pressure

84
Q

the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is

A

proportional to the concentration of the molecules in solution

85
Q

1 osmole equals

A

molarity or molality X no. of particles

86
Q

freezing point

A

-1.86 degrees celcius

87
Q

boiling point

A

0.52 degrees celcius

88
Q

vapor pressure

A

0.3 mm Hg

89
Q

osmotic pressure is increased by a factor of

A

1.7x 10 to the 4th power mm Hg

90
Q

an oxidation-reduction potential and is a measure of the ability of a solution to accept or donate electrons

A

Redox potential

91
Q

substances that donate electrons

A

reducing agents

92
Q

accepts electrons

A

oxidizing agents

93
Q

is a measure of how well electricity passes through a solution

A

Conductivity

94
Q

the reciprocal of conductivity and is a measure of a substance’s resistance to the passage of electric current

A

Resistivity

95
Q

the primary application of resistivity in the clinical laboratory is:

A

assesing the purity of water

96
Q

weak acids and bases and their related salts and minimizes changes in hydrogen ion concentration

A

Buffers

97
Q

decrease in hydrogen

A

acid

98
Q

increase in hydrogen

A

basic

99
Q

the pH scale is from

A

0 to 14

100
Q

describes the dissociation characteristics of weak acids

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

101
Q

another important aspects of buffers

A

ionic strength

102
Q

increasing the ionic strength

A

decreases the rate of particle of migration which can also affect electrophoretic separation

clinical chemistry (6 decks)

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