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Freshman Exit Exam > Basic Physics > Flashcards

Basic Physics Flashcards

1
Q

energy of pos.

A

potential energy

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2
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic

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3
Q

energy from chem reaction

A

chem energy

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4
Q

energy from movement of e-‘s

A

electrical energy

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5
Q

heat energy from movement of atoms

A

thermal energy

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6
Q

energy resulting from nucleus of atom

A

nuclear energy

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7
Q

energy that is emitted/transferred through matter

A

electromagnetic energy

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8
Q

electromagnetic rad that is able to remove an e- from atom

A

ionizing rad

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9
Q

how fast an object is moving

A

velocity

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10
Q

rate of change of speed per unit of T

A

acceleration

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11
Q

force applied on an object over a distance

A

work

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12
Q

rate of doing work

A

power

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13
Q

power is measured in?

A

watts

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14
Q

what contains most of the mass of an atom?

A

nucleus

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15
Q

represented by A

A

atomic mass

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16
Q

of p+’s plus # of n0’s

A

atomic mass (A)

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17
Q

of p+’s in nucleus

A

Z

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18
Q

what determines the chem. element?

A

Z

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19
Q

atoms w same # of p+’s but diff # of n0’s

A

isotopes

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20
Q

force that holds e-‘s in orbit around the nucleus

A

electron-binding energy

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21
Q

alpha particles are similar to what? and contain what?

A

He nucleus; 2 p+’s & 2 n0’s

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22
Q

what are beta particles?

A

particulate rad that is e- like & emitted from nucleus of radioactive atom

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23
Q

a bundle of photon energy is called a?

A

quantum

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24
Q

frequency is measured in?

A

Hz

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25
Q

c in mi/s?

A

186,000 mi/s

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26
Q

origin of gamma rays?

A

nucleus of radioactive atoms

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27
Q

3 methods of electrification?

A

friction, contact & induction

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28
Q

material that allows the free flow of e-‘s

A

conductor

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29
Q

object that prohibits the flow of e-‘s

A

insulator

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30
Q

movement of e-‘s along a conductor/pathway (electrical circuit)

A

electrical current

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31
Q

electrical current is measured in?

A

amperes

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32
Q

measured in volts; force w which e-‘s move in an electrical circuit

A

electromotive force (EMF)

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33
Q

material that may act as an insulator or conductor under diff conditions

A

semiconductor

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34
Q

measured in ohms

A

electrical resistance

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35
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR

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36
Q

path along which e-‘s flow; may be wired as series/II circuits

A

electrical circuits

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37
Q

representation of e- flow as AC

A

sine wave

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38
Q

what can magnetize a ferromagnetic material, like iron?

A

magnetic field

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39
Q

every magnet has a ______ & a _______

A

N & S pole

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40
Q

a coiled conductor (i.e. wire), through which an electrical current is flowing, has what?

A

overlapping magnetic fields

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41
Q

stacks fo wire coil through which electrical current flows, creating overlapping force field lines; a magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil

A

solenoid

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42
Q

solenoid w an Fe core that concentrates the magnetic field

A

electromagnet

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43
Q

process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed w/in the magnetic field of another conductor

A

electromagnetic induction

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44
Q

opposing V created in a conductor by passing AC through it

A

self-induction

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45
Q

inducing current flow in a secondary coil by varying the current flow through a primary coil

A

mutual induction

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46
Q

device that converts mech. energy to electrical energy; usual output is AC

A

electrical generator

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47
Q

simplest type of current; V (& accompanying current) flow as a sine wave

A

single-phase, 2-pulse AC

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48
Q

3-phase, 6-pulse waveforms contain ____ pulses/sec

A

360

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49
Q

3-phase, 12-pulse waveforms contain ____ pulses/sec

A

720

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50
Q

what produces thousands of Hz’s of electricity?

A

high-frequency generator

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51
Q

device that converts electrical energy to mech. energy

A

electrical motor

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52
Q

what requires an AC?

A

transformer (mutual induction)

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53
Q

transformer that +’s V from primary to secondary coil & -‘s current in same proportion

A

step-up transformer

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54
Q

what is used in the XR circuit to + the V to the kV level for XR production

A

step-up transformer

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55
Q

transformer that -‘s V from primary to secondary coil & +’s current in same proportion

A

step-down transformer

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56
Q

what is used in the filament portion of XR circuit to + current flow to cathode?

A

step-down transformer

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57
Q

transformer that contains an Fe core & a single winding of wire

A

autotransformer

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58
Q

what is used in the XR circuit to provide a small + in V before the step-up transformer

A

autotransformer

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59
Q

kVp settings are made at the?

A

autotransformer

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60
Q

process of changing AC to DC

A

rectification

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61
Q

what keeps the incoming V adjusted to the proper value of 220 V?

A

line voltage compensator

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62
Q

3 conditions necessary for XR production

A
  1. e- source, 2. e- acceleration, 3. sudden stop of e- against target material
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63
Q

what is aka the variable transformer?

A

autotransformer

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64
Q

what is the source for selecting kVp?

A

autotransformer

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65
Q

secondary turns are selected by the tech using the?

A

kVp selector

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66
Q

what boosts the V to the kVp selected?

A

high-V step-up transformer

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67
Q

________ in the XR circuit indicates the V that is selected

A

prereading voltmeter

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68
Q

where is the pre reading voltmeter located?

A

btw the autotransformer & the high-voltage step-up transformer

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69
Q

what is used to regulate the duration of XR exposure?

A

timer

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70
Q

where is the mAs timer located?

A

after the secondary coil of the high-voltage step-up transformer

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71
Q

what measures the total tube current?

A

mAs timer

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72
Q

what provides the safest tube current in the shortest T possible?

A

mAs timer

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73
Q

what is microprocessor controlled and contained in most rad equipment?

A

electronic timer

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74
Q

what is used to provide consistency of rad quality

A

auto exposure control (AEC)

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75
Q

AEC relies on positioning skills bc?

A

the part must be accurately positioned over ionization sensors

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76
Q

what consists of a flat ionization chamber btw the pt & IR?

A

AEC

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77
Q

the level of ionization is ______ proportional to the density that will appear on the img

A

directly

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78
Q

what 2 things does the backup timer protect?

A

the pt from overexposure, and the tube from overheating

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79
Q

what is the shortest T w an AEC?

A

1 ms (0.001 sec)

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80
Q

modern generator that takes advtg of extremely short T capabilities & tube heat-loading potential

A

falling load generator

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81
Q

w falling load generator, XR tube current starts @ the ____ level possible for the 1st portion of the exposure

A

highest

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82
Q

falling load generators always use what to obtain a given mAs?

A

the shortest T possible

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83
Q

disadvantage of falling load generator?

A

exams where long exposure T’s needed (orthostatic breathing)

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84
Q

what determines how much the V is stepped up?

A

turns ratio

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85
Q

the greater the turns ratio, the ____ the resulting kV (step-up transformer)

A

higher

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86
Q

formula for turns ratio?

A

Ns/Np

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87
Q

XR tube requires _____ to operate properly

A

DC

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88
Q

solid-state semiconductor diodes are what?

A

rectifiers (convert AC to DC)

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89
Q

rectifiers consist of?

A

silicon-based n-type & p-type semiconductors

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90
Q

where is the rectifier located?

A

btw the step-up transformer & the XR tube

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91
Q

single-phase results in what % voltage ripple?

A

100%

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92
Q

how many diodes provides full-wave rectification for single-phase generators?

A

4

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93
Q

how many diodes provides full-wave rectification for three-phase generators?

A

6 or 12 diodes

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94
Q

when 3-phase current is used, voltage ______________ during exposure

A

never drops to 0

95
Q

voltage ripple for 3-phase, 6-pulse?

A

13%

96
Q

voltage ripple for 3-phase, 12-pulse?

A

4%

97
Q

voltage ripple for high-frequency?

A

1%

98
Q

how much voltage is actually used in a 3-phase, 12-pulse generator?

A

96% of kVp set

99
Q

which waveforms produce higher average photon energy?

A

3-phase, full-wave rectified waveforms (35% higher for 3-phase, 6-pulse & 41% higher for 3-phase, 12-pulse)

100
Q

what measures the tube current?

A

mA meter

101
Q

where is mA meter located?

A

btw rectifier & XR tube

102
Q

mA control provides V from autotransformer to?

A

step-down transformer

103
Q

what -‘s V & +’s current to heat the filament?

A

step-down transformer

104
Q

what is the neg electrode in the XR tube?

A

cathode

105
Q

cathode contains how many filaments?

A

2 (sm & lg)

106
Q

over time, what leads to tube failure?

A

filaments vaporize & coat the inner surface of XR tube w tungsten

107
Q

what is it called when during an XR exposure, 1 filament is heated to a level that causes e-‘s to be “boiled off” to prepare for XR production

A

thermionic emission

108
Q

what surrounds the filaments in the cathode?

A

the focusing cup

109
Q

the focusing cup has what applied to concentrate the e-‘s boiling off the filaments into a narrow stream toward target?

A

neg. charge

110
Q

what is the pos. electrode in the XR tube?

A

anode

111
Q

rotation of the anode target allows greater what?

A

heat dissipation

112
Q

e-‘s strike the target on the?

A

focal track/spot

113
Q

focal track/spot is beveled, producing the?

A

target angle

114
Q

the larger the actual focal spot, the greater the _____ _____

A

heat capacity

115
Q

the smaller the effective focal spot, the greater the?

A

img sharpness

116
Q

glass envelope has a vacuum so e-‘s from filament don’t what?

A

collide w atoms of gas

117
Q

what is in the glass envelope that allows XRs to escape?

A

tube window

118
Q

indicates the kVp that will flow through the XR tube during exposure

A

pre-reading voltmeter

119
Q

regulates duration of XR exposure

A

timer

120
Q

what is placed btw pt & IR

A

AEC

121
Q

what provides extremely short exposure T’s by taking advtg of tube heat-loading potential

A

falling load generator

122
Q

what is the high-V transformer?

A

step-up

123
Q

what contains the filaments, the source of e-‘s for exposure

A

cathode

124
Q

what consists of the rotor & exposure button

A

exposure switch

125
Q

what encases tube , Al lined w Pb?

A

tube housing

126
Q

which wavelengths are more penetrating?

A

short

127
Q

what removes long wavelength rays?

A

beam filtration

128
Q

calculation of the total heat produced during an XR exposure

A

heat units

129
Q

digi-fluoro usually eliminates what?

A

postprocedure “overhead” img’s

130
Q

smallest particle of an element that retains it’s characteristics of the element?

A

atom

131
Q

in digi-fluoro, the img must be turned into digital form by what device?

A

analog-to-digital converter

132
Q

XRs travel in bundles of energy called

A

photons

133
Q

atomic mass?

A

p+’s plus # n0’s

134
Q

what’s used to ensure consistency of rad quality from one exposure to the next?

A

AEC

135
Q

when a predetermined level of ionization reaches ionization chamber, the machine?

A

terminates exposure

136
Q

what type of XR machine uses a continually decreasing mA for the shortest T’s possible?

A

falling load generator

137
Q

what type of current is needed for proper operation of XR tube?

A

DC

138
Q

outer shell of an atom can contain no more than 8 e-‘s

A

octet rule

139
Q

He nuclei & beta particles are examples of?

A

particulate radiation

140
Q

electromagnetic radiation travels in ______ along _______

A

waves; straight path

141
Q

speed that XRs travel?

A

speed of light, 186,000 miles/second

142
Q

waves of rad are called

A

sine waves

143
Q

distance from peak to peak of sine wave

A

wavelength

144
Q

of waves passing a point per unit T

A

frequency

145
Q

wavelength & frequency are ______ proportional

A

inversely

146
Q

XR beam changes as it travels through the pt is called

A

attenuation

147
Q

I of rad is inversely proportional to the square of D btw the rad source & pt

A

inverse square law

148
Q

as rad strikes matter the energy is transferred to the atoms according to?

A

the law of conservation of energy

149
Q

a ____________ always surrounds an electrical charge in motion

A

magnetic field

150
Q

current flows back and forth in

A

AC

151
Q

what allows the free flow of e-‘s?

A

conductors

152
Q

unit of potential diff

A

volt

153
Q

path of electrical current

A

circuit

154
Q

process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed in the magnetic field of another conductor?

A

electromagnetic induction

155
Q

self-induction is used in the operation of what?

A

autotransformer

156
Q

strength of the magnetic field in a transformer is increased by

A

coiling the wires & letting their magnetic fields overlap

157
Q

electricity is supplied to the imaging dept by a

A

generator

158
Q

electricity provided to the rad dept.

A

60 Hz AC

159
Q

electricity provided to the rad dept. operates at

A

120 pulses per sec

160
Q

primary advtg of 3-phase power is that

A

V never drops to 0

161
Q

a variable transformer that is used to select kVp for the XR circuit is?

A

autotransformer

162
Q

what transformer boosts the V to kV?

A

step-up

163
Q

V in XR machine kept constant by

A

line voltage compensator

164
Q

where does thermionic emission occur?

A

cathode

165
Q

what device is pre-reading?

A

kVp meter

166
Q

which device is electronic, w increments of 0.001 sec?

A

timer

167
Q

what changes AC to DC?

A

rectifier

168
Q

what is surrounded by a negatively charged focusing cup

A

filament

169
Q

what is composed of solid-state, silicon-based diodes?

A

rectifier

170
Q

what’s located in the XR circuit btw the high-voltage transformer & the XR tube?

A

rectifier

171
Q

what measures tube current?

A

mA meter?

172
Q

what spins @ 3300 or 10,000 rpm?

A

anode

173
Q

what device uses max heat storage ability of the tube to deliver mAs?

A

falling load generator

174
Q

source of bream’s & char. XR’s

A

anode

175
Q

most commonly used AEC?

A

ionization chamber

176
Q

what is turned by a rotor?

A

anode

177
Q

activating the rotor

A

reduce tube life

178
Q

when making an exposure, the tech should…

A

activate the rotor & exposure switch in one contin. motion

179
Q

thermionic emission causes?

A

e-‘s to boil off filament

180
Q

the e- stream passes from cathode to anode bc of ______ passing through the XR tube

A

current

181
Q

heat is produced in XR tube as?

A

e-‘s interact w target material

182
Q

most of the energy conversion in XR tube produces?

A

heat

183
Q

XRs are produced as incident e-‘s interact w target atoms by a process called

A

bremsstrahlung

184
Q

XRs are produced as incident e-‘s interact w inner shell e-‘s in target atoms by a process called

A

characteristic

185
Q

percentage of energy in XR tube that is converted into XRs

A

1%

186
Q

what can ionize matter/gas & affect film emulsion

A

XRs

187
Q

the XR beam is ______/______ (consisting of many diff energies/wavelengths)

A

heterogenous/polyenergetic

188
Q

XR emission spectrum consists of:

A

discrete (char. XRs) & contin. (brems XRs)

189
Q

primary purpose of filtration

A

rad protection

190
Q

total filtration is no less than

A

2.5 mm Al equivalent

191
Q

what makes up inherent filtration?

A

glass envelope, tube housing, oil

192
Q

what makes up added filtration?

A

Al

193
Q

what produces pulsating DC w 120 pulses per sec & 100% ripple

A

single-phase, full-wave rectification

194
Q

what produces DC w 13% ripple?

A

3-phase, 6-pulse

195
Q

what produces DC w 4% ripple?

A

3-phase, 12-pulse

196
Q

when changing from single-phase to 3-phase, 6-pulse the avg photon energy increase?

A

35%

197
Q

when changing from single-phase to 3-phase, 12-pulse the avg photon energy increase?

A

41%

198
Q

marks on focal track/spot of anode from bombardment of e-‘s

A

pitting

199
Q

what states that electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance btw them

A

Coulomb’s law

200
Q

what states that energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency

A

Planck’s Quantum Theory

201
Q

what can be created by friction, contact, or induction?

A

electrification

202
Q

no resistance to e- flow below a critical temp (titanium, niobium)

A

superconductor

203
Q

any substance through which e-‘s flow easily; variable resistance; obey Ohm’s law; requires V (copper, Al)

A

conductor

204
Q

material that under some circumstances behave as insulator and in others a conductor; basis for computers (silicon, germanium)

A

semiconductor

205
Q

does not allow e- flow; extremely high resistance (plastic, rubber, glass)

A

insulator

206
Q

relationship btw electric resistance & electric current?

A

inversely

207
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR (I is current in amps)

208
Q

unit of current

A

ampere (A)

209
Q

unit of power

A

watts (W)

210
Q

formula for power?

A

power (W) = V x current (A)

P=IV, or P=IIR

211
Q

formula for total resistance in a series circuit

A

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

212
Q

formula for total resistance in a II circuit

A

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

213
Q

lines of magnetic field are always

A

closed loops

214
Q

ability of material to attract lines of magnetic field intensity

A

magnetic permeability

215
Q

degree to which material can be magnetized

A

magnetic susceptibility

216
Q

very slightly attracted to a magnet & ar loosely influenced by an external magnetic field; weakly attracted to both poles of a magnetic field

A

paramagnetic materials (MRI contrast)

217
Q

weakly repelled by either magnetic pole; cannot be artificially magnetized; not attracted to magnet

A

diamagnetic materials (water, plastic)

218
Q

strongly attracted by a magnet; usually can be permanently magnetized by exposure to a magnetic field

A

ferromagnetic materials (iron, nickel, cobalt, alnico)

219
Q

lines of magnetic filed leave ____ pole and enter _____ pole

A

N to S

220
Q

transform mechanical energy into electrical energy

A

electric generators

221
Q

transform electrical energy into mechanical energy

A

electric motors

222
Q

states that an electric current is induced in a circuit if some part of that circuit is in a changing magnetic field (no current is induced if the magnetic field is not moving)

A

Faraday’s Law

223
Q

magnitude of induced current depends on what 4 factors

A

strength & speed of magnetic field, # of turns in the conductor & angle of conductor to magnetic field

224
Q

energy dissipated by resistance in the wire used to wind a coil is called

A

copper loss

225
Q

magnetic friction in the core due to changing magnetic field

A

hysteresis loss

226
Q

power loss due to electric currents induced in the core

A

eddy current loss

227
Q

how many types of transformer loss?

A

3 (copper, hysteresis, eddy current)

228
Q

2nd law of electromagnetism thats states that the induced current flows in a direction such that it opposes the action that induces it

A

Lenz’s Law

229
Q

if an atom loses an e-, it becomes a?

A

pos. ion

230
Q

largest source of natural enviro rad?

A

radon

231
Q

radon is produced by the natural decay of

A

Uranium

232
Q

XR’s discovered on?

A

Nov. 8 1895

233
Q

most common hip break is

A

femur neck

234
Q

cecum located in

A

RLQ

Freshman Exit Exam (6 decks)

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