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PATHO II, NEURO > Basic Overview > Flashcards

Basic Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron responsible for “transportation”

A

Microtubules

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2
Q

Neuron responsible for “structural support”

A

Neurofibrils

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3
Q

“Rough ER” of nervous system

A

Nissl Substance

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4
Q

Which neurons continue to divide through life?

A

Olfactory neurons

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5
Q

Cell bodies of the CNS

A

Nuclei

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6
Q

Cell bodies of the PNS

A

Ganglia

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7
Q

Receptive portion of neuron, sends info to cell body

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Regular interruptions of the myelin sheath (along the AXON) which allow for Saltatory Conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

Axon branching allows several target cells to simultaneously receive a message from one neuron.

A

Divergence

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10
Q

Dendritic branches allow one neuron to receive messages from several presynaptic cells at the same time.

A

Convergence

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11
Q

Most common structural type of neuron

A

Multipolar

number of processes extending from cell body

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12
Q

Support neurons of CNS, 5x more numerous

A

Neuroglia

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13
Q

Fill the spaces between neurons and surround the blood vessels in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes (neuroglia)

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14
Q

Deposit myelin within the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

Remove debris in the CNS

A

Microglia

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16
Q

Line the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)–filled cavities of the CNS; create CSF.

A

Ependymal cells

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17
Q

Glial cells that wrap / meylinate axons in peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann Cells

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18
Q

By age ____, ___% of synaptic conniptions are made

A

3, 80%

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19
Q

After being cut in an injury or during surgery, the distal myelin sheath of a neuron shrinks and disintegrates.

A

Wallerian degeneration, PNS

can sometimes regenerate via Schwann cells

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20
Q

Most common synaptic neurontransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Histamine
GABA
Serotonin
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21
Q

What happens at the postsynaptic neuron if the neurotransmitter is excitatory?

A

It DEPOLARIZES&raquo_space; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

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22
Q

What happens at the postsynaptic neuron of the neurotransmitter is inhibitory?

A

It HYPERPOLARIZES&raquo_space; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters - synthesized …?

A

Presynaptic neuron

24
Q

Neurotransmitters - stored…?

A

Vesicle of presynaptic

25
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters if they leak from vesicles?

A

THEY ARE DESTROYED

26
Q

All of the synaptic neurotransmitters are excitatory EXCEPT

A

GABA

Glycine

27
Q

ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system.

A

Acetylcholine

28
Q

After being sent into the synapse, acetylcholine gets broken down back into_____ by _____

A

AcCoA and Choline

Acetylcholinesterase

29
Q

Steps of neurotransmitter release

A

Action potential travels down to presynaptic terminal >

Activates voltage gate Ca+ channels to open for Ca+ to rush in @ terminal >

Causes vesicles to fuse w presynaptic membrane and purge neurotransmitters across synaptic gap >

Neurotransmitters bind w postsynaptic receptors and cause ESPS or ISPS (depolarizes or hyperpolarizes)

30
Q

3 Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

31
Q

Catecholamines made from what amino acid

A

Tyrosine

32
Q

What destroys leftover catecholamines?

A

MAO

33
Q

What is serotonin made from

A

Tryptophan (essential! amino acid)

34
Q

Which neurotransmitter is more of a “modulator” bc it’s a little slower and usually has another transmitter released with it?

A

Serotonin

35
Q

Serotonin is ______ in muscle pathways and _____ in sensory pathways?

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

36
Q

Unlike other transmitters, these are made in the cell body, put into vesicles, and transported all the way down the axon for release.

A

Endogenous Opioids (oxytocin)

37
Q

Runner’s high, firewalking and the like have been attributed to which neurotransmitters

A

endogenous opioids

38
Q

During depolarization, _______ floods into a cell while ____ rushes out

A

Na+ in

K+ out

39
Q

Which neurotransmitter always acts on skeletal muscles in the somatic NS

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

Hindbrain includes

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

41
Q

Midbrain includes

A

Tegmentum and cerebral peduncles

42
Q

Area of brain that is responsible for planning out and mapping motor movements and inhibiting excess movement

A

Premotor cortex

43
Q

Area of brain that is responsible for conveying actual movement to be made down to motor neuron

A

Primary motor cortex

44
Q

“Touch” and “Sense integration” area of brain

A

Parietal

45
Q

Damage to this area is characterized by IPSILATERAL loss of equilibrium, balance, and motor coordination

A

Cerebellum

46
Q

Centers for cough, gag, swallow, sneeze, and vomit.
Cardiac Center.
Respiratory Cente

A

Medulla Oblongata

47
Q

lies above the medulla, and is so named because many axons cross sides within this region of the hindbrain

A

Pons

48
Q

Relays Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum

A

Pons

49
Q

Several motor pathways cross here, so that each half of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

A

Midbrain

50
Q

Contains the reticular formation, which houses basic life support systems

A

Midbrain

51
Q

The bottom portion contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV (part of it)

A

Midbrain

52
Q

The Substania Nigra is found here. It is a large nucleus involved in movement

A

Midbrain

53
Q

A large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain. There is one on either side of the midline
Functions:

A

Thalamus

54
Q

It relays information to the cerebral cortex that it receives from diverse brain regions– the ‘last stop’ for associative information going to cortex

A

Thalamus

55
Q

Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

56
Q

Regulation of sex hormones, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, respiration, and food intake, while it also plays a role in regulating complex moods, such as anger, placidity, and fatigue.

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

“movement control” area

A

Basal Ganglia

PATHO II, NEURO (4 decks)

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