Basic Overview Flashcards
Neuron responsible for “transportation”
Microtubules
Neuron responsible for “structural support”
Neurofibrils
“Rough ER” of nervous system
Nissl Substance
Which neurons continue to divide through life?
Olfactory neurons
Cell bodies of the CNS
Nuclei
Cell bodies of the PNS
Ganglia
Receptive portion of neuron, sends info to cell body
Dendrites
Regular interruptions of the myelin sheath (along the AXON) which allow for Saltatory Conduction
Nodes of Ranvier
Axon branching allows several target cells to simultaneously receive a message from one neuron.
Divergence
Dendritic branches allow one neuron to receive messages from several presynaptic cells at the same time.
Convergence
Most common structural type of neuron
Multipolar
number of processes extending from cell body
Support neurons of CNS, 5x more numerous
Neuroglia
Fill the spaces between neurons and surround the blood vessels in the CNS.
Astrocytes (neuroglia)
Deposit myelin within the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
Remove debris in the CNS
Microglia
Line the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)–filled cavities of the CNS; create CSF.
Ependymal cells
Glial cells that wrap / meylinate axons in peripheral nervous system
Schwann Cells
By age ____, ___% of synaptic conniptions are made
3, 80%
After being cut in an injury or during surgery, the distal myelin sheath of a neuron shrinks and disintegrates.
Wallerian degeneration, PNS
can sometimes regenerate via Schwann cells
Most common synaptic neurontransmitters
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine Histamine GABA Serotonin
What happens at the postsynaptic neuron if the neurotransmitter is excitatory?
It DEPOLARIZES»_space; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
What happens at the postsynaptic neuron of the neurotransmitter is inhibitory?
It HYPERPOLARIZES»_space; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Neurotransmitters - synthesized …?
Presynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters - stored…?
Vesicle of presynaptic
What happens to neurotransmitters if they leak from vesicles?
THEY ARE DESTROYED
All of the synaptic neurotransmitters are excitatory EXCEPT
GABA
Glycine
ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system.
Acetylcholine
After being sent into the synapse, acetylcholine gets broken down back into_____ by _____
AcCoA and Choline
Acetylcholinesterase
Steps of neurotransmitter release
Action potential travels down to presynaptic terminal >
Activates voltage gate Ca+ channels to open for Ca+ to rush in @ terminal >
Causes vesicles to fuse w presynaptic membrane and purge neurotransmitters across synaptic gap >
Neurotransmitters bind w postsynaptic receptors and cause ESPS or ISPS (depolarizes or hyperpolarizes)
3 Catecholamines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Catecholamines made from what amino acid
Tyrosine
What destroys leftover catecholamines?
MAO
What is serotonin made from
Tryptophan (essential! amino acid)
Which neurotransmitter is more of a “modulator” bc it’s a little slower and usually has another transmitter released with it?
Serotonin
Serotonin is ______ in muscle pathways and _____ in sensory pathways?
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Unlike other transmitters, these are made in the cell body, put into vesicles, and transported all the way down the axon for release.
Endogenous Opioids (oxytocin)
Runner’s high, firewalking and the like have been attributed to which neurotransmitters
endogenous opioids
During depolarization, _______ floods into a cell while ____ rushes out
Na+ in
K+ out
Which neurotransmitter always acts on skeletal muscles in the somatic NS
Acetylcholine
Hindbrain includes
Cerebellum, pons, medulla
Midbrain includes
Tegmentum and cerebral peduncles
Area of brain that is responsible for planning out and mapping motor movements and inhibiting excess movement
Premotor cortex
Area of brain that is responsible for conveying actual movement to be made down to motor neuron
Primary motor cortex
“Touch” and “Sense integration” area of brain
Parietal
Damage to this area is characterized by IPSILATERAL loss of equilibrium, balance, and motor coordination
Cerebellum
Centers for cough, gag, swallow, sneeze, and vomit.
Cardiac Center.
Respiratory Cente
Medulla Oblongata
lies above the medulla, and is so named because many axons cross sides within this region of the hindbrain
Pons
Relays Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Pons
Several motor pathways cross here, so that each half of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
Midbrain
Contains the reticular formation, which houses basic life support systems
Midbrain
The bottom portion contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV (part of it)
Midbrain
The Substania Nigra is found here. It is a large nucleus involved in movement
Midbrain
A large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain. There is one on either side of the midline
Functions:
Thalamus
It relays information to the cerebral cortex that it receives from diverse brain regions– the ‘last stop’ for associative information going to cortex
Thalamus
Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Regulation of sex hormones, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, respiration, and food intake, while it also plays a role in regulating complex moods, such as anger, placidity, and fatigue.
Hypothalamus
“movement control” area
Basal Ganglia
