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Metabolic Pathways > Basic organic chemistry > Flashcards

Basic organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is oxidation

A

h

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2
Q

what is reduction

A

j

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2
Q

Whats the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

in substrate energy is realeased directly from substrate to ADP, in oxidative phosphorylation a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in which coenzymes carry electrons to an electron transport chain these electrons then are transferred to oxygen in which ATP is generated

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3
Q

anabolism

A

chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monmers to form the body’s complex structural and functional components

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4
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical reaction that occur in the body

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4
Q

What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

the process in which cells break down glucose to carbon dioxide and water in order to extract metabolic energy

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5
Q

exergonic

A

overall catabolic (decomposition) reactions are

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6
Q

catabolism

A

chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simple ones

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7
Q

catabolic

A

an important set of ___________________catabolic reactions occur in glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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7
Q

What is the overall reaction of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle or Kreb cycle, carbon dioxide is generated, For each acetyl CoA 1 GTP is converted to ATP, NADH and FADH2 go to the electron transport chain

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8
Q

catabolism

A

they produce more energy than they consume, releasing the chemical energy stored in organic molecules

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9
Q

oxidation

A

the result is a decrease in the potential energy of the atom or molecue

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10
Q

oxidation

A

the removal of electrons from an atom or moleucle

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10
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

A

Aerobic

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11
Q

dehydrogenation

A

because most biological oxidation reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms they are called

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12
Q

coenzyme

A

when a substance is oxidized the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediatley by______________to antoher compound

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12
Q

How many ATPs are made in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

36-38

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13
Q

reduction

A

it is the addition of electrons to a molecule

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14
Q

reduction

A

an increase in the potential energy of the molecule is a result of

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15
Q

reduction

A

the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid is an example of

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15
Q

What is the function of fermentation?

A

To produce alcohol or making dairy

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16
Q

oxidation

A

this is a result of a decrease in the potential energy of an atom or molecule

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17
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons

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18
Q

hydrogen carriers

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPP+), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are examples of

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19
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

A

a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid

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20
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons

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21
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

A

a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes

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22
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

A

serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes

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23
Q

clavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

a coenzyme that is a derivative of riboflavin and functions in certain oxidation-reduction reaction in the body

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24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

A

has an extra phosphate group

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25
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

directly to ADP in human cells this process occurs in the cytosol

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26
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

generates ATP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate phosphorylated metabolic compound

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27
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

this process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells

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28
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

removes electrons from organic compounds and passes them through a series of electron acceptors, called electron transport chain to molecules of oxygen.

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29
Q

ways to generate ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation are examples of

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30
Q

photophosphorylation

A

occurs only in chlorophyll containing plant cells or in certain bacteria that contain bacteria that contain other light absorbing pigments

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31
Q

glycolysis

A

reaction does not require oxygen (anaerobic cellular respiration)

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32
Q

glycolysis

A

conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid results in production of some ATP.

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33
Q

4 or 6 ATP’s (oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain)

A

production of 2 NADH + H results in

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34
Q

2 ATP’s (substrate level phosphorylation)

A

oxidation of one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid molecules produce

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35
Q

formation of acetyl coenzyme A

A

a transition step that prepares pyruvic acid for entrance into the krebs cycle

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36
Q

krebs cycle

A

named from a biochemist

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37
Q

krebs cycle

A

also known as citric acid cycle

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38
Q

oxygen

A

the fate of pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis depends on the availability

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39
Q

krebs cycle

A

reaction occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and consist of a series of oxidation-reductions and decarboxylation reactions that release CO2

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40
Q

ATP

A

glycolysis the krebs cycle and especially the electron transport change provide all the ___________________for cellular activities

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41
Q

krebs cycle

A

the oxidation-reduction reactions transfer chemical energy, in the form of electrons to two coenzymes NAD+ and FAD

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42
Q

electron transport chain reactions

A

series of electron carriers, integral membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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43
Q

krebs cycle and electron transport chain

A

require oxygen to produce ATP and are collectively known as aerobic cellular respiration

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44
Q

electron transport chain reactions

A

each carrier in the chain is reduced as it picks up electrons and oxidized as it gives up electrons

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45
Q

2 ATP’s

A

glycolysis: oxidation of one glucose molecule to two pyruvic acid molecules yield

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46
Q

6 ATP’s

A

formation of two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A: 2NADH + 2+ yields

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47
Q

4 or 6 ATP’s

A

glycolysis: production of 2 NADH + H yeilds

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48
Q

2 GTP’s that are converted to 2 ATP’s

A

oxidation of succinyl CoA to succinic acid yields

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49
Q

4 ATP’s

A

production of 2 FADH2 yields

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50
Q

18 ATP’s

A

production of 6 NADH + 6 H+ yields

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51
Q

oxygen

A

because the krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic processes cells cannot carry on their activities for long if this is missing

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52
Q

36 or 38 ATP’s

A

ATP produced in cellular respiration from glycolysis to electron transport chain

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53
Q

chemiosmosis

A

process that links the passage of electron along the electron transport chain with the pumping of hydrogen ions

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54
Q

chemiosmosis

A

relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration

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55
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the diffusion of ions across a selectively permeable membrane

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56
Q

proton pump

A

energy from NADH + H+ passes along the electron transport chain and is used to pump H+ from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This mechanism is called

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57
Q

NADH + H+

A

energy from this is passed along the elecrton transport chain and is used to pump H+ from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondial membranes

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58
Q

chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthesis then occurs as hydrogen ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through a special type of H+ channel in the inner membrane. This is part of this process

59
Q

chemiosmosis

A

a high concentration of H+ accumulates between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes during this process

60
Q

glycogenesis

A

the synthesis of glycogen

61
Q

glycogen

A

blood poduces

62
Q

glycogenesis

A

stimulated by insulin

63
Q

protein synthesis

A

stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

64
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the process of splitting glycogen into its glucose subunits

65
Q

lipogenesis

A

breakdown of lipids

66
Q

protein synthesis

A

protein breakdown

67
Q

lipogenesis

A

occurs when individuals consume more calories than are needed to satisfy their ATP needs.

68
Q

lipogenesis

A

stimulated by insulin

69
Q

adipogenesis

A

production of fat, either fatty degeneration or fatty infiltration

70
Q

lipogenesis

A

liver cells and adipose cells can synthesize lipids from glucose or amino acids through this process

71
Q

lipogenesis

A

the normal deposition of fat or the conversion of carbohydrate or protein to fat

72
Q

lipolysis

A

stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

73
Q

lipolysis

A

the breakdown, splitting or decomposition of fat stored in cells

74
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the process by which glucose is formed from these noncarbohydrate sources

75
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

stimulated by cortisol and glucagon

76
Q

4 hours

A

a typical meal takes about how many hours for complete reabsorption

77
Q

absorptive

A

during this state ingested nutrients are entering the blodd steam and glucose is readily availabe for ATP production

78
Q

postabsorptive

A

absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body

79
Q

12 hours

A

given three meals a day the absorption state exist in about

80
Q

postabsorptive

A

assuming no in between snaks the other 12 hours typically late morning, late afernon and most of the night are spent in this state

81
Q

postabsorptive

A

during fasting and starvation many body cells turn to ketone bodies for ATP production during this state

82
Q

postabsorptive

A

many hormones regulate metabolism in this state

83
Q

10

A

how many essential vitamins

84
Q

20

A

how many amino acids are there

85
Q

essential amino acids

A

you must include these in your diet

86
Q

essential amino acids

A

these must be present in the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts

87
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

can be synthesized by body cells

88
Q

essential amino acids

A

humans are unable to synthesize eight of these

89
Q

transamination

A

the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to pyruvic acid or to an acid in the krebs sycle

90
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

are formed by transamination

91
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex and vitamin C are examples of

92
Q

protein synthesis

A

once the appropriate essential and non essential amino acids are present in cells________________occurs rapidly.

93
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K are examples of

94
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

not readily stored in body

95
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

excreeted in urine when there is excess

96
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

basal metabolism of an animal

97
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

absorbed with fat in diet

98
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the minimum amount of energy (expressed in number of calories) our body needs to stay alive at rest

99
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the mninimal rate of energy expenditure compatible with life

100
Q

conduction

A

heat exchange that occurs between molecules of two materials that are of different temp

101
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

T3 and T4 control

102
Q

radiating

A

your body loses heat by____________more infrared waves than it absorbs from cooler objects.

103
Q

radiation

A

the trasfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one without physical contact.

104
Q

radiation

A

if surrounding objects are warmer than you are youabsorb more heat than you lose by evaporation

105
Q

58 cal /ml

A

every milliliter of evaportating water takes with it a great deal of heat about

106
Q

evaporation

A

the conversion of a liquid to a vapor

107
Q

700ml

A

amount of water loss through evaporation per day

108
Q

evaporation

A

under typical resing conditions about 22% of heat loss occurs through

109
Q

400ml

A

amount of water loss from the skin surface

110
Q

300ml

A

amount of water loss through exhaled air

111
Q

coenzyme Q

A

shuttles electron to second pump

112
Q

FMN

A

oxidized as it passes electrons to the iron sulfur center

113
Q

heat

A

a form of energy that can be measured as temperature

114
Q

calorie

A

temp. of 1 gram of water

115
Q

shivering

A

the resulting contraction in the antagonist stretches muscle spindles in the agonist, and it too develops a stretch reflex. This repetative cycle is called

116
Q

temperature

A

expressed in units called calories

117
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons or hydrogen

118
Q

generation of ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation are example of

119
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons or hydrogen

120
Q

Glu T4

A

transporters for most cells increases with insulin

121
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

glucose movement into cells by

122
Q

glucose

A

this gets phosphorylated when it enter cells and then it can’t leave

123
Q

Glu T

A

for neurons and liver cells always allows entry

124
Q

glycolysis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm and in anaerobic

125
Q

36 to 38 ATP

A

aerobic respiration yeild

126
Q

vitamin B2 and riboflavin

A

FMN, flavin mononucleotide from

127
Q

mitochondria

A

formation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and krebs andelectron transport chain occur in

128
Q

iron sulfur center

A

found in center of a protein

129
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins with heme

130
Q

electron carrier

A

FMN, cytochromes, iron sulfur centers, copper atoms and ubiquinones are examples of

131
Q

4

A

how many molecules of ATP can you potentially get by SLP

132
Q

chemiosmosis

A

process that links the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain with the pumping o hydrogen ions

133
Q

insulin

A

facilltated diffusion of glucose into cells stimulating hormone is

134
Q

32 or 34

A

how many molecules of ATP can you potentially get by OP

135
Q

insulin

A

glycogenesis stimulating hormone is

136
Q

insulin

A

active transport of amino acids into cells the stimulating hormone is

137
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glucagon and epinephrine stimulate

138
Q

protein synthesis

A

insulin, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors are stimulating factors for

139
Q

protein breakdown

A

cortisol stimulates

140
Q

lipolysis

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, insulinlike growth factors, thyroid hormones stimulate

141
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon and cortisol stimulate

142
Q

What are oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

how cells transfer energy from one compound to another

144
Q

What role do co-enzymes play in cellular respiration?

A

Coenzymes carry energy from broken chemical bond of the substrate to the formation of the high energy bond of ATP, act as mobile electron carriers, transport electrons to the electron transport chain where most of the ATP is made

146
Q

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

A

Sugar splitting reaction

147
Q

What is the overall reaction of the bridging step?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted in to acetyl CoA carbon dioxide is generated Electrons pick up NAD+ and convert it to NADH, NADH will go to the electron transport chain

149
Q

Where does each step of cellular respiration occur?

A

Cytosol

150
Q

What is the electron transport chain? What is terminal electron acceptor?

A

A series of electron carriers bound to a membrane

152
Q

Explain how ATP is made by chemiosmosis in mitochondrion?

A

Energy released in the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ across the membrane from the matrix into the intermemebrane space

154
Q

How many ATPs are made in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

155
Q

What is the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

A

Alcohol performed by fermetative yeasts, Lactic performed by bacteria

157
Q

How are proteins catabolized? What is the major nitrogen-containing waste that is made?

A

Amino groups are removed from amino acids, they combine with H+ to form NH3, which is then converted into urea by liver enzymes, Urea

158
Q

How are fats and oils catabolized? What is B-Oxidation?

A

Fats are catabolized into monoglycerides and fatty acids, then chopped into acetyl units, B-oxidation is a short chain of fatty acids that occurs in mitochondria, and in long chain fatty acids in peroxisomes

159
Q

What is nitrogen fixation? Why are root nodules important in the nitrogen?

A

Process of converting atmospheric N2 into ammonia, Root nodules of legume plants

Metabolic Pathways (9 decks)

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