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general studies > basic meds > Flashcards

basic meds Flashcards

1
Q

amlodipine

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE and ANTIANGINAL

calcium channel blocker: inhibits Ca influx across cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

clonazepam

A

ANTICONVULSANT - indicated for various seizures

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3
Q

tamoxifen citrate

A

ANTINEOPLASTIC THAT ALTERS HORMONE BALANCE

advanced premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer

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4
Q

diclofenac

A

NSAID
indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, acute migraine.
Voltaren at al.

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5
Q

risendronate

A

AGENT AFFECTING CALCIUM and BONE METABOLISM

indications include postmenopausal osteoporosis

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6
Q

frusemide

A

DIURETIC
(loop diuretic - inhibits sodium and chlorine reabsorption in the kidneys)
indications include acute pulmonary oedema, oedema, hypertension.
Lasix

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7
Q

atorvastatin

A

HYPOLIPADAEMIC

indications - adjunct to diet to decrease LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels

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8
Q

warfarin

A

ANTICOAGULANT
indications: prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism associated with DVT, MI, et al.
inhibits vitamin K-dependent activation of clotting factors

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9
Q

enoxaparin

A

ANTICOAGULANT
indications: prevention of pulmonary embolism and DVT following hip/knee replacement surgery or abdominal surgery
Clexane (usually 40mg but adjusted for weight)

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10
Q

cefalotin

A

ANTI-INFECTIVE - CEPHALOSPORIN
(it’s an antibiotic)
route is IM or IV

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11
Q

salbutamol

A 
BRONCHODILATOR
prevention or treatment of bronchospasm 
prevention of exercise-induced asthma 
also used for the prevention of premature labour
Ventolin
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12
Q

enalapril

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE - ace inhibitor

indications: hypertension; management of symptomatic heart failure

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13
Q

digoxin

A

ANTIARRHYTHMIC

indications: heart failure, paroxysmal SVT, atrial fibrillation and flutter

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14
Q

metoclopramide

include cautions

A

ANTIEMETIC - dopamine receptor antagonist

blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ, also increases gastric motility

PO, IV, IM

use cautiously in patients with depression, Parkinson’s, hypertension

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15
Q

telmisartan

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE

angiotensin-II inhibitor (ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker)

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16
Q

colecalciferol/cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D3, promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate

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17
Q

thiamine

A

vitamin B1, combines with ATP to form a coenzyme needed for carb metabolism

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18
Q

esomeprazole

A

ANTIULCER
treatment of GORD
brandname is Nexium (only one)

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19
Q

amitryptiline

A

ANTIDEPRESSANT: Tricyclic
TCAs increase the amount of noradrenaline or serotonin or both by blocking their reuptake by presynaptic neurons (action unknown)

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20
Q

Targin

A

NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS

Targin is a combo of oxycodone hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride at a rate of 2:1

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21
Q

-axine

A

antidepressant: SNRI

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22
Q

-azepam

A

sedative: benzodiazepine

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23
Q

-azole

A

antifugal

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24
Q

-caine

A

local anasthetic

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25
Q

-cam

A

NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor

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26
Q

-cillin

A

antibiotic: penicillin

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27
Q

-cog

A

coagulation factor

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28
Q

-coxhib

A

NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor

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29
Q

-curium

A

neuromuscular blocker

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30
Q

-curonium

A

neuromuscular blocker

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31
Q

-cycline

A

antibiotic: tetracycline

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32
Q

-dopa

A

dopamine-related

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33
Q

-dronate

A

bisphosphonate

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34
Q

-fenac

A

NSAID

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35
Q

-fibrozil

A

antihyperlipidaemic: fibrate

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36
Q

-floxacin

A

antibiotic: quinolone

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37
Q

-glitazone

A

oral hypoglycaemic (thiazolidinedione)

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38
Q

-globulin

A

immunoglobulin

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39
Q

-grel

A

antiplatelet

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40
Q

-ide

A

diuretic

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41
Q

-lukast

A

antileukotriene

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42
Q

oxycodone

A

NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
Endone, OxyContin, OxyNorm
for full analgesic effect, administer before pain is intense
give after meals/with milk to avoid GI upset
10mg PO oxycododone equivalent to 20mg PO morphine

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43
Q

-mab

A

immunoglobulin (immunomodulator)

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44
Q

-nib

A

antineoplastic

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45
Q

-nitrate

A

nitrates

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46
Q

-olol

A

beta blocker

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47
Q

-opram

A

antidepressant - SSRI

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48
Q

-oxetine

A

antidepressant - SNRI

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49
Q

–oxacin

A

antibiotic - Quinolone

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50
Q

-pam

A

benzodiazepine

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51
Q

-penem

A

antibiotic - cardapenem

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52
Q

-dipine

A

antihypertensive CCB

53
Q

-pramine

A

antidepressant - TCA

54
Q

-prazole

A

PPI - proton pump inhibitor

55
Q

-pril

A

antihypertensive - ACE inhibitor

56
Q

-salazine

A

aminosalicylate

57
Q

-sartan

A

antihypertensive - ARB

58
Q

-setron

A

antiemetic - 5HT3-antagonist

59
Q

-solone

A

corticosteroid

60
Q

-sone

A

corticosteroid

61
Q

-statin

A

antihyperlipidaemic

62
Q

-terol

A

LABA (long-acting beta antagonist)

63
Q

-tidine

A

H2 antagonist

64
Q

-tretinoin

A

retinoid

65
Q

-triptan

A

antidepressant - SSRI

66
Q

-tyline

A

antidepressant - TCA

67
Q

-vir

A

antiviral

68
Q

-zolamide

A

CAI (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)

69
Q

-zosin

A

alpha one blocker

70
Q

clopidogrel

A

ANTI PLATELET

to reduce atherosclerotic events in people with recent CVA, MI or peripheral artery disease

71
Q

nifedipine

A

ANTI ANGINAL

hypertension, anginas

thought to inhibit calcium influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells

72
Q

ondansetron

A

ANTIEMETIC

used esp. chemotherapy and prevention and treatment of post-op nausea and vomiting

action: selective antagonist of 5-HT3 serotonin receptor in CNS and PNS

73
Q

docusate sodium

A

LAXATIVE

stool softener

eg. Coloxyl

also used as an OTIC med for facilitation of cerumen removal

74
Q

bisacodyl

A

LAXATIVE

used prior to rectal/bowel exams, preparation for surgery etc

action: works on smooth muscle increases peristalsis

75
Q

insulin aspart

A

ANTIDIABETIC

Novorapid

ultra-short acting (rapid acting)

generally 50% - 70% of daily requirement is taken as Novorapid, the rest is taken as intermediate acting or long-acting

76
Q

insulin glargine

A

ANTIDIABETIC

Lantus

long acting (basal) insulin

77
Q

ethinyloestradiol and levonoergestrol

A

OESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS

oral contraceptive

78
Q

metronidazole

A

AMEOBICIDES AND ANTIPROTOZOALS

also a local anti-infective

79
Q

atropine sulfate

A

ANTICHOLINERGIC

(antimuscarinic)

blocks vagal effect at SA and AV nodes, thereby increasing heart rate

80
Q

benztropine

A

ANTIPARKINSONIAN

anticholinergic

81
Q

omeprazole

A

ANTIULCER

treatment of ulcers and GORD

proton pump inhibitor, blocks gastric acid formation

82
Q

chlorpromazine

A

ANTIPSYCHOTIC

treatment of psychosis, but also nausea and vomiting as well as tetanus, intractable hiccups, adjunct to surgery

action unknown, may block dopamine receptors in synapses in brain

83
Q

prednisolone

A

CORTICOSTEROID

used to treat severe inflammation, also a range of other conditions including asthma, croup, ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome and many more

84
Q

tramadol

A

NARCOTIC/OPIOID

binds to opioid receptors, also inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin

it’s synthetic, and not chemically related to opiates

85
Q

haloperidol

A

ANTIPSYCHOTIC

for treatment of psychoses, also non-psychotic behaviour disorders in children as well as tourette’s

can also be used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with radiation/malignancy

probably blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in brain

86
Q

gelofusine

A

used as an IV colloid

behaves like blood filled with albumins - causes an increase in blood volume, blood flow, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation

87
Q

levetiracetam

A

ANTICONVULSANT

adjunct therapy for partial onset seizures

action unknown, believed to be due to binding with synaptic vesicle protein 2A in CNS

88
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

ANTI-INFECTIVE (ANTIBIOTIC)

fluoroquinolone used to treat various infections including UTIs and respiratory.

89
Q

methotrexate

A

ANTIMETABOLITE

chemotherapy drug used in various cancers as well as for autoimmune diseases, ectopic pregnancy and medical abortions

90
Q

perindopril

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE

ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and CHF

91
Q

metoprolol

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE

beta blocker used to treat hypertension, angina and as early intervention in acute MI

also used as migraine prophylaxis

92
Q

teriflunomide

A

IMMUNOMODIFIER

used to manage MS (reduces relapse frequency, delays physical disability progression)

trade name Aubagio

93
Q

magmin

A

magnesium

aids in relief of muscle cramps and spasms and nervous tension

94
Q

sotalol

A

ANTIARRHYTHMIC

beta blocker that slows sinus heart rate and AV conduction, decreases cardiac output and lowers systolic and diastolic BPs

95
Q

pantoprazole

A

ANTIULCER

proton pump inhibitor (suppresses gastric acid secretion)

used to treat ulcers inc. helicobacter pylori, reflux oesophagitis, and GORD

96
Q

cetirizine

A

ANTIHISTAMINE

Zyrtec

inhibits peripheral H1 receptors, treatment of seasonal rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria

97
Q

diazepam

A

ANTIANXIETY / ANTICONVULSANT

Valium etc

benzodiazepine that depresses the CNS at limbic and subcortical levels of brain.

suppresses spread of seizure activity

98
Q

atenolol

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE

hypertension / angina/ prophylaxis for MI

beta blocker: decreases cardiac output, peripheral resistance, renin secretion

99
Q

tapentadol

A

NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS

binds with opioid receptors

100
Q

What does APINCHS stand for

A 
Antimicrobials
Potassium and other electrolytes
Insulin
Narcotics and other sedatives
Chemotherapeutic agents
Heparin and other anticoagulants
Systems
101
Q

Which drugs fall under A in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?

A

A for antimicrobials

aminoglycosides: gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin

vancomycin

amphotericin – liposomal formulation

102
Q

Which drugs fall under P in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?

A

P is for potassium and other electrolytes

Injections of concentrated electrolytes: potassium, magnesium, calcium, hypertonic sodium chloride

103
Q

Which drugs fall under C in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?

A

C is for chemotherapeutic agents

vincristine, methotrexate, etoposide, azathioprine

Oral chemotherapy

104
Q

Which drugs fall under N in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?

A

N is for narcotics (opioids) and other sedatives:

hydromorphone, oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil and analgesic patches

benzodiazepines: diazepam, midazolam

thiopentone, propofol and other short term anaesthetics

105
Q

Which drugs fall under H in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?

A

H is for heparin and other anticoagulants:

warfarin, enoxaparin, heparin

direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban

106
Q

buspirone

A

ANXIOLYTIC - not related to benzodiazepines

for short term treatment of anxiety (up to 1 month)

binds to dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors in the CNS but no effect on GABA

antianxiety effects, without sedative, antiepileptic, muscle relaxant effects

doesn’t cause dependence

107
Q

propranolol

A

beta blocker - blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the CNS and in peripheral cardiac and pulmonary systems

varied indications: 
non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic
antanginal
hypertension
migraines
to reduce mortality after MI
essential tremor
108
Q

cephazolin:

A

cephalosporin antibiotic

inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria

serious infections - respiratory, biliary and GU tracts; skin, soft-tissue, bone and joint; septicaemia; endocarditis

IV or IM

109
Q

morphine

A

opioid analgesic

binds to opiate receptor in CNS, altering perception of/emotional response to pain (mechanism unknown)

severe pain

PO, IV, IM, SC, epidural, intrathecal

110
Q

what class of drugs is vancomycin in?

A

glycopeptide antibiotics

111
Q

classes of osteoporosis meds?

A

bisphosphonates

RANKL inhibitors - denosumab

SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) - raloxifene

Parathyroid hormone and related peptide analogues - teriparatide (another one called abaloparatide isn’t available in australia)

112
Q

how do RANKL inhibitors work?

A

Denosumab inhibits the maturation of pre-osteoclasts into osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL.

113
Q

what are the bisphosphonates, how frequently are they administered?

A

alendronate - weekly PO
ibandronate (ibandronic acid) - monthly PO/ 3monthly IV
risedronate - weekly PO or monthly PO
zoledronic acid - annually IV

114
Q

which osteoporosis drugs are administered subcut?

A

denosumab (rankl) and teriparatide (parathyroid hormone)

115
Q

-agliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

116
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanism of action?

A

prevent the reabsorption of glucose (and sodium) from the filtrate into the bloodstream in the proximal convoluted tubule

117
Q

adverse reactions of macrolides?

A

nausea and vomiting
abdo pain
rash
anaphylaxis

118
Q

adverse reactions to cephalosporins?

A

impaired vitamin K

high sodium

119
Q

adverse effects of aminoglycasides?

A

nephrotoxicity
encephalopathy
ototoxicity

use with caution with the elderly

120
Q

what are the adverse effects of gentamycin?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Vestibular ototoxicity
Use with caution with the elderly

121
Q

adverse reactions to penicillins?

A

GI upset, nausea and vomiting

122
Q

what are the main classes of diuretics?

A 
osmotic diuretics
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
potassium sparing diuretics
(carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
123
Q

describe the effects of loop diuretics?

A

they produce rapid and intense diuresis over a fairly short period (4-6 hrs)
they have a number of direct vascular effects: venodilation, reduced responsiveness to angiotensin II and noradrenalin

124
Q

what are loop diuretics commonly indicated for?

A 
oedema
cirrhosis
renal impairment
nephrotic syndrome
adjunct therapy for APO
125
Q

when should loop diuretics be used with caution?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Gout
  • Hearing impairment
  • Hepatic and renal impairment
  • Hypokalaemia
126
Q

adverse reactions to frusemide?

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Dizziness
  • Postural hypotension
  • Ototoxicity
127
Q

adverse reactions to thiazide diuretics?

A
  • Dizziness
  • Vertigo
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Photosensitivity - use sunscreen!
128
Q

spironolactone

A

aldosterone receptor blocker (potassium sparing diuretic)

indications: 
oedema
heart failure
hyperaldosteronism 
hirsutism
129
Q

antipsychotics - mechanism of action?

A

Antipsychotic actions are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various parts of the brain (in particular the limbic system).

evidence suggests:

all effective antipsychotics block D2 receptors

differential blockade of other dopamine receptors (eg D1) may influence therapeutic and adverse effects

antagonism of other receptors may influence antipsychotic activity, eg 5HT2 antagonism with some agents.

general studies (6 decks)

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