basic meds Flashcards
amlodipine
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE and ANTIANGINAL
calcium channel blocker: inhibits Ca influx across cardiac and smooth muscle
clonazepam
ANTICONVULSANT - indicated for various seizures
tamoxifen citrate
ANTINEOPLASTIC THAT ALTERS HORMONE BALANCE
advanced premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer
diclofenac
NSAID
indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, acute migraine.
Voltaren at al.
risendronate
AGENT AFFECTING CALCIUM and BONE METABOLISM
indications include postmenopausal osteoporosis
frusemide
DIURETIC
(loop diuretic - inhibits sodium and chlorine reabsorption in the kidneys)
indications include acute pulmonary oedema, oedema, hypertension.
Lasix
atorvastatin
HYPOLIPADAEMIC
indications - adjunct to diet to decrease LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels
warfarin
ANTICOAGULANT
indications: prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism associated with DVT, MI, et al.
inhibits vitamin K-dependent activation of clotting factors
enoxaparin
ANTICOAGULANT
indications: prevention of pulmonary embolism and DVT following hip/knee replacement surgery or abdominal surgery
Clexane (usually 40mg but adjusted for weight)
cefalotin
ANTI-INFECTIVE - CEPHALOSPORIN
(it’s an antibiotic)
route is IM or IV
salbutamol
BRONCHODILATOR prevention or treatment of bronchospasm prevention of exercise-induced asthma also used for the prevention of premature labour Ventolin
enalapril
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE - ace inhibitor
indications: hypertension; management of symptomatic heart failure
digoxin
ANTIARRHYTHMIC
indications: heart failure, paroxysmal SVT, atrial fibrillation and flutter
metoclopramide
include cautions
ANTIEMETIC - dopamine receptor antagonist
blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ, also increases gastric motility
PO, IV, IM
use cautiously in patients with depression, Parkinson’s, hypertension
telmisartan
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
angiotensin-II inhibitor (ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker)
colecalciferol/cholecalciferol
vitamin D3, promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate
thiamine
vitamin B1, combines with ATP to form a coenzyme needed for carb metabolism
esomeprazole
ANTIULCER
treatment of GORD
brandname is Nexium (only one)
amitryptiline
ANTIDEPRESSANT: Tricyclic
TCAs increase the amount of noradrenaline or serotonin or both by blocking their reuptake by presynaptic neurons (action unknown)
Targin
NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
Targin is a combo of oxycodone hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride at a rate of 2:1
-axine
antidepressant: SNRI
-azepam
sedative: benzodiazepine
-azole
antifugal
-caine
local anasthetic
-cam
NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor
-cillin
antibiotic: penicillin
-cog
coagulation factor
-coxhib
NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor
-curium
neuromuscular blocker
-curonium
neuromuscular blocker
-cycline
antibiotic: tetracycline
-dopa
dopamine-related
-dronate
bisphosphonate
-fenac
NSAID
-fibrozil
antihyperlipidaemic: fibrate
-floxacin
antibiotic: quinolone
-glitazone
oral hypoglycaemic (thiazolidinedione)
-globulin
immunoglobulin
-grel
antiplatelet
-ide
diuretic
-lukast
antileukotriene
oxycodone
NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
Endone, OxyContin, OxyNorm
for full analgesic effect, administer before pain is intense
give after meals/with milk to avoid GI upset
10mg PO oxycododone equivalent to 20mg PO morphine
-mab
immunoglobulin (immunomodulator)
-nib
antineoplastic
-nitrate
nitrates
-olol
beta blocker
-opram
antidepressant - SSRI
-oxetine
antidepressant - SNRI
–oxacin
antibiotic - Quinolone
-pam
benzodiazepine
-penem
antibiotic - cardapenem
-dipine
antihypertensive CCB
-pramine
antidepressant - TCA
-prazole
PPI - proton pump inhibitor
-pril
antihypertensive - ACE inhibitor
-salazine
aminosalicylate
-sartan
antihypertensive - ARB
-setron
antiemetic - 5HT3-antagonist
-solone
corticosteroid
-sone
corticosteroid
-statin
antihyperlipidaemic
-terol
LABA (long-acting beta antagonist)
-tidine
H2 antagonist
-tretinoin
retinoid
-triptan
antidepressant - SSRI
-tyline
antidepressant - TCA
-vir
antiviral
-zolamide
CAI (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
-zosin
alpha one blocker
clopidogrel
ANTI PLATELET
to reduce atherosclerotic events in people with recent CVA, MI or peripheral artery disease
nifedipine
ANTI ANGINAL
hypertension, anginas
thought to inhibit calcium influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells
ondansetron
ANTIEMETIC
used esp. chemotherapy and prevention and treatment of post-op nausea and vomiting
action: selective antagonist of 5-HT3 serotonin receptor in CNS and PNS
docusate sodium
LAXATIVE
stool softener
eg. Coloxyl
also used as an OTIC med for facilitation of cerumen removal
bisacodyl
LAXATIVE
used prior to rectal/bowel exams, preparation for surgery etc
action: works on smooth muscle increases peristalsis
insulin aspart
ANTIDIABETIC
Novorapid
ultra-short acting (rapid acting)
generally 50% - 70% of daily requirement is taken as Novorapid, the rest is taken as intermediate acting or long-acting
insulin glargine
ANTIDIABETIC
Lantus
long acting (basal) insulin
ethinyloestradiol and levonoergestrol
OESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS
oral contraceptive
metronidazole
AMEOBICIDES AND ANTIPROTOZOALS
also a local anti-infective
atropine sulfate
ANTICHOLINERGIC
(antimuscarinic)
blocks vagal effect at SA and AV nodes, thereby increasing heart rate
benztropine
ANTIPARKINSONIAN
anticholinergic
omeprazole
ANTIULCER
treatment of ulcers and GORD
proton pump inhibitor, blocks gastric acid formation
chlorpromazine
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
treatment of psychosis, but also nausea and vomiting as well as tetanus, intractable hiccups, adjunct to surgery
action unknown, may block dopamine receptors in synapses in brain
prednisolone
CORTICOSTEROID
used to treat severe inflammation, also a range of other conditions including asthma, croup, ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome and many more
tramadol
NARCOTIC/OPIOID
binds to opioid receptors, also inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin
it’s synthetic, and not chemically related to opiates
haloperidol
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
for treatment of psychoses, also non-psychotic behaviour disorders in children as well as tourette’s
can also be used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with radiation/malignancy
probably blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in brain
gelofusine
used as an IV colloid
behaves like blood filled with albumins - causes an increase in blood volume, blood flow, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation
levetiracetam
ANTICONVULSANT
adjunct therapy for partial onset seizures
action unknown, believed to be due to binding with synaptic vesicle protein 2A in CNS
ciprofloxacin
ANTI-INFECTIVE (ANTIBIOTIC)
fluoroquinolone used to treat various infections including UTIs and respiratory.
methotrexate
ANTIMETABOLITE
chemotherapy drug used in various cancers as well as for autoimmune diseases, ectopic pregnancy and medical abortions
perindopril
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and CHF
metoprolol
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
beta blocker used to treat hypertension, angina and as early intervention in acute MI
also used as migraine prophylaxis
teriflunomide
IMMUNOMODIFIER
used to manage MS (reduces relapse frequency, delays physical disability progression)
trade name Aubagio
magmin
magnesium
aids in relief of muscle cramps and spasms and nervous tension
sotalol
ANTIARRHYTHMIC
beta blocker that slows sinus heart rate and AV conduction, decreases cardiac output and lowers systolic and diastolic BPs
pantoprazole
ANTIULCER
proton pump inhibitor (suppresses gastric acid secretion)
used to treat ulcers inc. helicobacter pylori, reflux oesophagitis, and GORD
cetirizine
ANTIHISTAMINE
Zyrtec
inhibits peripheral H1 receptors, treatment of seasonal rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria
diazepam
ANTIANXIETY / ANTICONVULSANT
Valium etc
benzodiazepine that depresses the CNS at limbic and subcortical levels of brain.
suppresses spread of seizure activity
atenolol
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
hypertension / angina/ prophylaxis for MI
beta blocker: decreases cardiac output, peripheral resistance, renin secretion
tapentadol
NARCOTICS AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
binds with opioid receptors
What does APINCHS stand for
Antimicrobials Potassium and other electrolytes Insulin Narcotics and other sedatives Chemotherapeutic agents Heparin and other anticoagulants Systems
Which drugs fall under A in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?
A for antimicrobials
aminoglycosides: gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin
vancomycin
amphotericin – liposomal formulation
Which drugs fall under P in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?
P is for potassium and other electrolytes
Injections of concentrated electrolytes: potassium, magnesium, calcium, hypertonic sodium chloride
Which drugs fall under C in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?
C is for chemotherapeutic agents
vincristine, methotrexate, etoposide, azathioprine
Oral chemotherapy
Which drugs fall under N in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?
N is for narcotics (opioids) and other sedatives:
hydromorphone, oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil and analgesic patches
benzodiazepines: diazepam, midazolam
thiopentone, propofol and other short term anaesthetics
Which drugs fall under H in the APINCHS Classification of High Risk Medicines?
H is for heparin and other anticoagulants:
warfarin, enoxaparin, heparin
direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban
buspirone
ANXIOLYTIC - not related to benzodiazepines
for short term treatment of anxiety (up to 1 month)
binds to dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors in the CNS but no effect on GABA
antianxiety effects, without sedative, antiepileptic, muscle relaxant effects
doesn’t cause dependence
propranolol
beta blocker - blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the CNS and in peripheral cardiac and pulmonary systems
varied indications: non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic antanginal hypertension migraines to reduce mortality after MI essential tremor
cephazolin:
cephalosporin antibiotic
inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria
serious infections - respiratory, biliary and GU tracts; skin, soft-tissue, bone and joint; septicaemia; endocarditis
IV or IM
morphine
opioid analgesic
binds to opiate receptor in CNS, altering perception of/emotional response to pain (mechanism unknown)
severe pain
PO, IV, IM, SC, epidural, intrathecal
what class of drugs is vancomycin in?
glycopeptide antibiotics
classes of osteoporosis meds?
bisphosphonates
RANKL inhibitors - denosumab
SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) - raloxifene
Parathyroid hormone and related peptide analogues - teriparatide (another one called abaloparatide isn’t available in australia)
how do RANKL inhibitors work?
Denosumab inhibits the maturation of pre-osteoclasts into osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL.
what are the bisphosphonates, how frequently are they administered?
alendronate - weekly PO
ibandronate (ibandronic acid) - monthly PO/ 3monthly IV
risedronate - weekly PO or monthly PO
zoledronic acid - annually IV
which osteoporosis drugs are administered subcut?
denosumab (rankl) and teriparatide (parathyroid hormone)
-agliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor
SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanism of action?
prevent the reabsorption of glucose (and sodium) from the filtrate into the bloodstream in the proximal convoluted tubule
adverse reactions of macrolides?
nausea and vomiting
abdo pain
rash
anaphylaxis
adverse reactions to cephalosporins?
impaired vitamin K
high sodium
adverse effects of aminoglycasides?
nephrotoxicity
encephalopathy
ototoxicity
use with caution with the elderly
what are the adverse effects of gentamycin?
Nephrotoxicity
Vestibular ototoxicity
Use with caution with the elderly
adverse reactions to penicillins?
GI upset, nausea and vomiting
what are the main classes of diuretics?
osmotic diuretics loop diuretics thiazide diuretics potassium sparing diuretics (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
describe the effects of loop diuretics?
they produce rapid and intense diuresis over a fairly short period (4-6 hrs)
they have a number of direct vascular effects: venodilation, reduced responsiveness to angiotensin II and noradrenalin
what are loop diuretics commonly indicated for?
oedema cirrhosis renal impairment nephrotic syndrome adjunct therapy for APO
when should loop diuretics be used with caution?
- Diabetes mellitus
- Gout
- Hearing impairment
- Hepatic and renal impairment
- Hypokalaemia
adverse reactions to frusemide?
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Dizziness
- Postural hypotension
- Ototoxicity
adverse reactions to thiazide diuretics?
- Dizziness
- Vertigo
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Hypokalaemia
- Hyperglycaemia
- Photosensitivity - use sunscreen!
spironolactone
aldosterone receptor blocker (potassium sparing diuretic)
indications: oedema heart failure hyperaldosteronism hirsutism
antipsychotics - mechanism of action?
Antipsychotic actions are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various parts of the brain (in particular the limbic system).
evidence suggests:
all effective antipsychotics block D2 receptors
differential blockade of other dopamine receptors (eg D1) may influence therapeutic and adverse effects
antagonism of other receptors may influence antipsychotic activity, eg 5HT2 antagonism with some agents.
