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general studies > 2024 > Flashcards

2024 Flashcards

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1
Q

define meningismus

A

the clinical syndrome of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia, often with nausea and vomiting

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2
Q

causes of meningismus

A

most often caused by inflammation of the meninges, but other causes include raised intracranial pressure

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3
Q

what is encephalopathy?

A

a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form.

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4
Q

causes of encephalopathy

A

include infection, exposure to toxins, an underlying condition and more.

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5
Q

difference between encephalopathy and encephalitis

A

In encephalitis, the brain itself is swollen or inflamed. Encephalopathy refers to the mental state that can happen because of several types of health problems.

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6
Q

what is rhabdomyolysis?

A

A breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood.
This muscle tissue breakdown results in the release of a protein (myoglobin) into the blood. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys.

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7
Q

symptoms of rhabdomyolysis?

A

dark, reddish urine, decreased urine output, weakness and muscle aches.

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8
Q

cranial nerve I name

A

olfactory

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9
Q

cranial nerve II name

A

optic

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10
Q

cranial nerve III name

A

oculomotor

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11
Q

cranial nerve IV name

A

trochlear

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12
Q

cranial nerve V name

A

trigeminal

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13
Q

cranial nerve VI name

A

abducens

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14
Q

cranial nerve VII name

A

facial

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15
Q

cranial nerve VIII name

A

vestibulocochlear

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16
Q

cranial nerve IX name

A

glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

cranial nerve X name

A

vagus

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18
Q

cranial nerve XI name

A

spinal accessory

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19
Q

cranial nerve XII name

A

hypoglossal

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20
Q

cranial nerve I function

A

smell

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21
Q

cranial nerve II function

A

visual acuity and field

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22
Q

cranial nerve III function

A

eye & eyelid movement, pupil size and reactivity

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23
Q

cranial nerve IV function

A

eye movement - down and lateral

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24
Q

cranial nerve V function

A

chewing and facial sensation

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25
Q

cranial nerve VI function

A

lateral eye movement

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26
Q

cranial nerve VII function

A

facial expressions

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27
Q

cranial nerve VIII function

A

hearing and balance

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28
Q

cranial nerve IX function

A

gagging and swallowing

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29
Q

cranial nerve X function

A

pharynx/larynx sensation/gag

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30
Q

cranial nerve XI function

A

head and shoulder movement

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31
Q

cranial nerve XII function

A

tongue movement

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32
Q

which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A

I
II
VIII

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33
Q

which cranial nerves are motor only?

A

III
IV
VI
XI
XII

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34
Q

which cranial nerves are both motor and sensory

A

V
VII
IX
X

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35
Q

how to assess cranial nerve I

A

have pt identify scent with eyes closed

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36
Q

how to assess cranial nerve II

A

visual field test and visual acuity test

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37
Q

how to assess cranial nerve III

A

use pen torch to assess PEARL

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38
Q

how to assess cranial nerve IV

A

ask pt to follow movement of pen with eyes - move down and laterally

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39
Q

how to assess cranial nerve V

A

have pt close eyes, touch cheeks, chin and forehead with cotton ball and notify you when they feel sensation

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40
Q

how to assess cranial nerve VI

A

ask patient to follow pen movement laterally and diagonally

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41
Q

how to assess cranial nerve VII

A

ask patient to frown, smile, raise eyebrows, puff cheeks, close eyes tightly

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42
Q

how to assess cranial nerve VIII

A

occlude one ear, whisper in the other and have patient repeat
assess gait for balance

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43
Q

how to assess cranial nerve IX

A

assess for upward movement of soft palate during yawn and saying ah
assess swallow

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44
Q

how to assess cranial nerve X

A

use tongue blade to touch posterior pharynx, assess for gag reflex followed by swallowing

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45
Q

how to assess cranial nerve XI

A

ask patient to shrug shoulders and turn head against resistance

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46
Q

how to assess cranial nerve XII

A

ask patient to poke out tongue and move from side to side

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47
Q

anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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48
Q

physiological divisions of the nervous system?

aka the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic/involuntary nervous system

somatic/voluntary nervous system

49
Q

what are the cns and pns comprised of?

A

the cns comprises the brain and spinal caord

the pns comprises the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

50
Q

divide the brain by fossa

A

anterior fossa contains the frontal lobe

middle fossa contains parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

the posterior fossa contains the brainstem and cerebellum

51
Q

the three major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. what do they contain?

A

cerebrum: the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia

the brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

the cerebellum: just itself. much smaller than the rest of the brain but contains more than half of the neurons in the body

52
Q

the developmental division of the brain organises the brain into three regions. what are they and what are they associated with?

A

forebrain or prosencephalon

midbrain or mesencephanlon

hindbrain or rhombencephalon

53
Q

main functions of the forebrain:

A

processes sensory information

regulates autonomic, endocrine and motor function

higher reasoning

54
Q

functions of the midbrain:

A

regulates movement, auditory and visual processing

55
Q

functions of the hindbrain

A

autonomic functions such as respiratory regulation and sleep

coordinates movement,

relays sensory information

balance and equilibrium

56
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

band of fibres between the left and right hemispheres

57
Q

what are the main structures of the forebrain?

A

the telencephalon, the diencepahlon, cranial nerves I and II and the lateral and third ventricles

58
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

59
Q

what are gyri?

A

folded bulges of the cerebral cortex that create the indentations of the brain

60
Q

what are the major structures of the telencephalon?

A

the cerebral cortex, so therefore the four lobes of the brain

61
Q

what are the frontal lobes responsible for?

A

voluntary muscle movement, memory, higher order thinking,
decision-making and planning

62
Q

what are the three divisions of the frontal lobes?

A

the prefrontal cortex, premotor area and motor area

63
Q

what are the occipital lobes responsible for?

A

receiving and processing visual information

64
Q

what are the parietal lobes responsible for?

A

receiving and processing sensory information

65
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex and where is it found?

A

the area of the brain which processes touch sensations, found in the parietal lobes

66
Q

what are the occipital lobes responsible for?

A

receiving and processing visual information from the retina

67
Q

what are the temporal lobes responsible for?

A

organising sensory input
aiding in auditory perception
memory formation
language and speech production

68
Q

what structures are found in the temporal lobes?

A

those of the limbic system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus

69
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

the region of the brain that relays sensory information and connects the endocrine system and the nervous system

70
Q

what do the components of the diencephalon include?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland

71
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

part of the limbic system, it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

plays a role in the control of sleep and wake cycles.

72
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

the control centre for many autonomic functions including respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation

also a part of the endocrine system, it secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland, regulating metabolism, growth and the development of the reproductive system

part of the limbic system, it is involved in emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal muscle system

73
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

part of the CNS and endocrine systems, it secretes melatonin

also involved in regulating hormonal functions

74
Q

what is the midbrain?

A

the uppermost section of the brainstem

75
Q

what are the main structures of the midbrain?

A

the tectum which is comprised of the superior and inferior colliculi

the tegmentum and the crus cerebri which make up the cerebral

still finishing the answer to this question

76
Q

what is the deep fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain called?

A

tremendous longitudinal fissure

77
Q

what is the role of the corpus callosum?

A

communication between the two hemispheres

78
Q

what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

the lateral sulcus aka the lateral fissure of sylvius

79
Q

what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

the central sulcus aka the central fissure of rolando

80
Q

what is another name for the gyri?

A

convolutions

81
Q

what are the three types of myelinated nerve fibres in the brain?

A

transverse (comissural) fibres that connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum is the largest commisure)

projection fibres (connect the cerebral cortex with the lower portion of the brain and spinal cord)

association fibres (connect areas within the same hemispheres)

82
Q

what is the optic chiasm?

A

the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross

83
Q

where is the optic chiasm found in the brain?

A

the base of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus, approximately 10mm superior to the pituitary gland in the suprasellar cistern

84
Q

what is the foramen magnum?

A

the large, oval shaped opening in the occiptal bone of the skull through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity

85
Q

what is athetosis?

A

a symptom usually of the hands, fingers, feet and toes typified by sinuous, slow, irregular and involuntary movements, such as the distal limb dystonia seen sometimes in cerebral palsy (can also affect limbs, tongue, and neck)

86
Q

what is chorea?

A

an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, affecting the arms, legs and facial muscles causing unpredictable and quick “dancing” movements

87
Q

how many vertebrae are there in the spine?

A

33 (26 if you count the fused ones as one each)

C 1-7
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5 (fused)
Cx 4 (fused)

88
Q

what are the C1 and C2 vertebrae also known as?

A

the atlas and the axis

89
Q

C2 myotome

A

cervical flexion

90
Q

C3 myotome

A

cervical lateral flexion

91
Q

C4 myotome

A

shoulder elevation

92
Q

C5 myotome

A

shoulder abduction

93
Q

C6 myotome

A

elbow flexion and wrist extension

94
Q

C7 myotome

A

wrist flexion and elbow extension

95
Q

C8 myotome

A

thumb extension and ulnar deviation

96
Q

T1 myotome

A

finger abduction

97
Q

L2 myotome

A

hip flexion

98
Q

L3 myotome

A

knee extension

99
Q

L4 myotome

A

ankle dorsiflexion

100
Q

L5 myotome

A

big toe extension

101
Q

S1 myotome

A

ankle plantarflexion

102
Q

S2 myotome

A

knee flexion

103
Q

dermatomes: back of head abutting trigeminal region

A

C2 dermatome

104
Q

dermatomes:
upper and lower neck, including above clavicle

A

C3, C4

105
Q

dermatomes: clavicle

A

C5

106
Q

dermatomes: lateral parts of upper limbs

A

C5, C6, C7

107
Q

dermatomes: medial sides of upper limbs

A

C8, T1

108
Q

dermatomes: thumb

A

C6

109
Q

dermatomes: hand

A

C6, C7, C8

110
Q

dermatomes: ring and little fingers

A

C8

111
Q

dermatomes: level of nipples

A

T4

112
Q

dermatomes: level of umbilicus

A

T10

113
Q

dermatomes: inguinal/groin regions

A

T12

114
Q

dermatomes: anterior and inner surfaces of lower limbs

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

115
Q

dermatomes: foot

A

L4, L5, S1

116
Q

dermatomes: medial side of big toe

A

L4

117
Q

dermatomes: posterior and outer surfaces of lower limbs

A

L5, S1, S2

118
Q

dermatomes: lateral margin of foot and little toe

A

S1

119
Q

dermatomes: perineum

A

S2, S3, S4

general studies (6 decks)

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