2024 Flashcards
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define meningismus
the clinical syndrome of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia, often with nausea and vomiting
causes of meningismus
most often caused by inflammation of the meninges, but other causes include raised intracranial pressure
what is encephalopathy?
a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form.
causes of encephalopathy
include infection, exposure to toxins, an underlying condition and more.
difference between encephalopathy and encephalitis
In encephalitis, the brain itself is swollen or inflamed. Encephalopathy refers to the mental state that can happen because of several types of health problems.
what is rhabdomyolysis?
A breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood.
This muscle tissue breakdown results in the release of a protein (myoglobin) into the blood. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys.
symptoms of rhabdomyolysis?
dark, reddish urine, decreased urine output, weakness and muscle aches.
cranial nerve I name
olfactory
cranial nerve II name
optic
cranial nerve III name
oculomotor
cranial nerve IV name
trochlear
cranial nerve V name
trigeminal
cranial nerve VI name
abducens
cranial nerve VII name
facial
cranial nerve VIII name
vestibulocochlear
cranial nerve IX name
glossopharyngeal
cranial nerve X name
vagus
cranial nerve XI name
spinal accessory
cranial nerve XII name
hypoglossal
cranial nerve I function
smell
cranial nerve II function
visual acuity and field
cranial nerve III function
eye & eyelid movement, pupil size and reactivity
cranial nerve IV function
eye movement - down and lateral
cranial nerve V function
chewing and facial sensation
cranial nerve VI function
lateral eye movement
cranial nerve VII function
facial expressions
cranial nerve VIII function
hearing and balance
cranial nerve IX function
gagging and swallowing
cranial nerve X function
pharynx/larynx sensation/gag
cranial nerve XI function
head and shoulder movement
cranial nerve XII function
tongue movement
which cranial nerves are sensory only?
I
II
VIII
which cranial nerves are motor only?
III
IV
VI
XI
XII
which cranial nerves are both motor and sensory
V
VII
IX
X
how to assess cranial nerve I
have pt identify scent with eyes closed
how to assess cranial nerve II
visual field test and visual acuity test
how to assess cranial nerve III
use pen torch to assess PEARL
how to assess cranial nerve IV
ask pt to follow movement of pen with eyes - move down and laterally
how to assess cranial nerve V
have pt close eyes, touch cheeks, chin and forehead with cotton ball and notify you when they feel sensation
how to assess cranial nerve VI
ask patient to follow pen movement laterally and diagonally
how to assess cranial nerve VII
ask patient to frown, smile, raise eyebrows, puff cheeks, close eyes tightly
how to assess cranial nerve VIII
occlude one ear, whisper in the other and have patient repeat
assess gait for balance
how to assess cranial nerve IX
assess for upward movement of soft palate during yawn and saying ah
assess swallow
how to assess cranial nerve X
use tongue blade to touch posterior pharynx, assess for gag reflex followed by swallowing
how to assess cranial nerve XI
ask patient to shrug shoulders and turn head against resistance
how to assess cranial nerve XII
ask patient to poke out tongue and move from side to side
anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
physiological divisions of the nervous system?
aka the divisions of the peripheral nervous system
autonomic/involuntary nervous system
somatic/voluntary nervous system
what are the cns and pns comprised of?
the cns comprises the brain and spinal caord
the pns comprises the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
divide the brain by fossa
anterior fossa contains the frontal lobe
middle fossa contains parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
the posterior fossa contains the brainstem and cerebellum
the three major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. what do they contain?
cerebrum: the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia
the brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
the cerebellum: just itself. much smaller than the rest of the brain but contains more than half of the neurons in the body
the developmental division of the brain organises the brain into three regions. what are they and what are they associated with?
forebrain or prosencephalon
midbrain or mesencephanlon
hindbrain or rhombencephalon
main functions of the forebrain:
processes sensory information
regulates autonomic, endocrine and motor function
higher reasoning
functions of the midbrain:
regulates movement, auditory and visual processing
functions of the hindbrain
autonomic functions such as respiratory regulation and sleep
coordinates movement,
relays sensory information
balance and equilibrium
what is the corpus callosum?
band of fibres between the left and right hemispheres
what are the main structures of the forebrain?
the telencephalon, the diencepahlon, cranial nerves I and II and the lateral and third ventricles
what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
what are gyri?
folded bulges of the cerebral cortex that create the indentations of the brain
what are the major structures of the telencephalon?
the cerebral cortex, so therefore the four lobes of the brain
what are the frontal lobes responsible for?
voluntary muscle movement, memory, higher order thinking,
decision-making and planning
what are the three divisions of the frontal lobes?
the prefrontal cortex, premotor area and motor area
what are the occipital lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing visual information
what are the parietal lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing sensory information
what is the somatosensory cortex and where is it found?
the area of the brain which processes touch sensations, found in the parietal lobes
what are the occipital lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing visual information from the retina
what are the temporal lobes responsible for?
organising sensory input
aiding in auditory perception
memory formation
language and speech production
what structures are found in the temporal lobes?
those of the limbic system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus
what is the diencephalon?
the region of the brain that relays sensory information and connects the endocrine system and the nervous system
what do the components of the diencephalon include?
the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
what is the thalamus?
part of the limbic system, it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
plays a role in the control of sleep and wake cycles.
what is the hypothalamus?
the control centre for many autonomic functions including respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation
also a part of the endocrine system, it secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland, regulating metabolism, growth and the development of the reproductive system
part of the limbic system, it is involved in emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal muscle system
what is the pineal gland?
part of the CNS and endocrine systems, it secretes melatonin
also involved in regulating hormonal functions
what is the midbrain?
the uppermost section of the brainstem
what are the main structures of the midbrain?
the tectum which is comprised of the superior and inferior colliculi
the tegmentum and the crus cerebri which make up the cerebral
still finishing the answer to this question
what is the deep fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain called?
tremendous longitudinal fissure
what is the role of the corpus callosum?
communication between the two hemispheres
what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
the lateral sulcus aka the lateral fissure of sylvius
what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
the central sulcus aka the central fissure of rolando
what is another name for the gyri?
convolutions
what are the three types of myelinated nerve fibres in the brain?
transverse (comissural) fibres that connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum is the largest commisure)
projection fibres (connect the cerebral cortex with the lower portion of the brain and spinal cord)
association fibres (connect areas within the same hemispheres)
what is the optic chiasm?
the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
where is the optic chiasm found in the brain?
the base of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus, approximately 10mm superior to the pituitary gland in the suprasellar cistern
what is the foramen magnum?
the large, oval shaped opening in the occiptal bone of the skull through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity
what is athetosis?
a symptom usually of the hands, fingers, feet and toes typified by sinuous, slow, irregular and involuntary movements, such as the distal limb dystonia seen sometimes in cerebral palsy (can also affect limbs, tongue, and neck)
what is chorea?
an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, affecting the arms, legs and facial muscles causing unpredictable and quick “dancing” movements
how many vertebrae are there in the spine?
33 (26 if you count the fused ones as one each)
C 1-7
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5 (fused)
Cx 4 (fused)
what are the C1 and C2 vertebrae also known as?
the atlas and the axis
C2 myotome
cervical flexion
C3 myotome
cervical lateral flexion
C4 myotome
shoulder elevation
C5 myotome
shoulder abduction
C6 myotome
elbow flexion and wrist extension
C7 myotome
wrist flexion and elbow extension
C8 myotome
thumb extension and ulnar deviation
T1 myotome
finger abduction
L2 myotome
hip flexion
L3 myotome
knee extension
L4 myotome
ankle dorsiflexion
L5 myotome
big toe extension
S1 myotome
ankle plantarflexion
S2 myotome
knee flexion
dermatomes: back of head abutting trigeminal region
C2 dermatome
dermatomes:
upper and lower neck, including above clavicle
C3, C4
dermatomes: clavicle
C5
dermatomes: lateral parts of upper limbs
C5, C6, C7
dermatomes: medial sides of upper limbs
C8, T1
dermatomes: thumb
C6
dermatomes: hand
C6, C7, C8
dermatomes: ring and little fingers
C8
dermatomes: level of nipples
T4
dermatomes: level of umbilicus
T10
dermatomes: inguinal/groin regions
T12
dermatomes: anterior and inner surfaces of lower limbs
L1, L2, L3, L4
dermatomes: foot
L4, L5, S1
dermatomes: medial side of big toe
L4
dermatomes: posterior and outer surfaces of lower limbs
L5, S1, S2
dermatomes: lateral margin of foot and little toe
S1
dermatomes: perineum
S2, S3, S4
