Basic Grammar Overview Flashcards
AV 길래/ 기에
- Used when the speaker has intentionally done something as a result of observing a situation
- Generally translates to ‘so’ or ‘because’ in English
- You can’t use the future tense
- The subject is always I
- 기에 is used in written form and 길래 is used in the spoken form
N만 해도
- Used to indicate one example among many
- Can also express a situation is different to what it was in the past
V다(가) 보면
- Shows that when someone does something over a period of time something is realised
- Usually, -다 보면 accompany –을 수 있다, -게 될 것이다, - 겠- etc. in the succeeding phrase
- the speaker can indicate that some event occurs because an action occurred for a while, and then stops and thinks/reflects on it
- the result in the second clause can’t be conjugated to the past
는 김에
- Used when it’s more convinitpent to do the second action because your already doing the first
- ‘While your at it, since your already doing it
- In the past use 은 김에, in the present use 는 김에
- The actions are different but related
- The first actions more important
- (으)ㄹ 겸 - (으)ㄹ 겸 is used when there are two equal purposes
(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
-Indicates a past event almost happened but did not
- Always used in 번했다
-하마터면 (almost) is often used with it
(으)ㄹ까 하다
- Refers to a future plan that can still easily be changed
- I.e. ‘I’m thinking of doing x’
- You can’t use it with questions, imperatives or combine it it 을 거예요
A/V 더니
- Attached to verbs and adjectives and is used when talking about fact learned through past experiences and a new fact that is now different
- With actions Verbs it can indicate a previously known fact caused a result or certain circumstance
- The subject of the preceding and succeeding phrase must be the same.
- Present tense is used regardless of the tense.
-았/었더니 is used when it’s about yourself
V아/어 내다
It is used to express that although a certain task/action is troublesome or difficult, one completes the action to the very end (or does all the way).
N만 못하다
- This is used for comparison.
- It signifies that the first is inferior to the second in terms of level or degree.
- It can be translated as ‘is worse than…’, ‘not as good as…’ or ‘inferior to…’.
N스럽다
- Means having the feeling or quality of a noun
- 스럽다 often goes with abstract nouns.
-스럽다 is used to show contrast between the thing it describes and their actions. For example, if a young person was rather mature, you could say that they are 어른스럽다. A young person is usually associated with immaturity but in this exceptional case, this person is not immature.
N덥다
-답다 describes something with traits that are usually associated with the thing itself. e.g. you can describe a man as manly by using 남자답다 or an elderly person as old using 어른답다.
- 답다 is often attached to concrete nouns like man (사내) and masculine (사내답다) or teacher (선생님) and teacher-like (선생님답다)
다/자/냐고요?
- This pattern repeats and thereby queries (for confirmation/clarification), or even shows disagreement with, the words of the other person.
- Then, because the speaker is asking the other person for clarification, it uses the indirect citation form.
-It can also be used to restate what you have just said = I said that - You use 니요 when showing surprise for what someone said
기로 결심하다
- To make up one’s mind
- The 하다 in -기로 하다 can be replaced with 결심하다, 결정하다 or 약속하다
치고
- Used to indicate that something is the exception to the rule
- 는 or 서 can be used for emphasis
- It is also used to show that a characteristic of N is true in all cases without an exception. It must be supported by a double negative structure
덕분에
- N 덕분에 and (으)ㄴ 덕분애 is used to show the positive effect of an action or state.
- It roughly translates to ‘thanks to that… (positive thing) happened
V-는 바람에
- This is used when an event or situation in the first statement leads to a result in the following statement which is mostly negative.
- the second clause must be in the past tense.
-Although it is mainly used in a negative consequence, it can sometimes be used for a positive consequence.
-Only verbs can precede -는 바람에.
-Not used with personality
V(으)나 마나
-indicates that doing the preceding action is of no value of use.
-In other words, the result would be the same regardless of whether the action is performed.
-This expression can also be used as –(으)나 마나이다.
-only used with unexpected clauses
V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈 치다
- This is used when considering a certain state of affairs to be true when they haven’t occurred in reality (usually in unfortunate situations).
- In English, a common way of expressing this grammar is “Let’s just say…”.
는 사이에
-While, during that time, when
-는 동안 shows the entire period whilst 는 사이에 is a certain moment during the period of the time frame (I.e. someone moved house whilst you lived abroad
-사이 can abbreviate to 새
초자
- Extreme situations that the speaker didn’t expect or could not anticipate
- You have to use with a negative
- Must be attached to something essential
- You can also use 도, but 조차 emphasises the severity
- You can add particles in front of it
- Must be used with a noun
(으)ㄹ걸요
- An unconfirmed assumption or supposition based on the speakers background knowledge
- Only amount close friends
- Conversation form only
- When you have a strong reason for the assumptions
(으)ㄴ/는 탓에
- Used when the first statement is the cause or reason for the negative event that is specified in the following statement
- ‘Because…’ ‘due to…’
- Always a negative result
-Can be used with any type of clause (including expected), whereas 바람에 is only used with unexpected clauses
-Can be used with nouns to show the cause of a bad result
(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다
-Used when a sentence, although not completely corresponding to a fact, is to the similar degree or same result considering the similar circumstances
-Often used with (으)니까
-‘It’s like’ (i.e. it’s like my home town, it’s like it’s free)
을 수 밖에 없다
There is no choice but to do this - nothing outside of this possibility
는 대로 (sequence)
- A following action is done immediately upon the occurrence of the proceeding action
- Cannot be used with past tense, you must use 자마자 (has the same meaning)
V(으)ㄹ 걸 (그렇다)
- ‘I should have’
- Regretting missed or lost opportunities
아/어 대다
- indicates the verb action is done excessively and continuously
-Usually delivers a negative feeling
-To keep doing, to do repeatedly
(으)려던 참이다
Used to indicate an event happens to coincide when the speaker was just about to perform or do the action
더라고요
- Used to express the speakers recollection that they directly saw, heard, or felt some prior event or action
- The subject can’t be the speaker -it’s about what you heard in
- The first person can be used when explaining how you felt -mood emotion or feelings
- When used in the present tense it refers to the moment/experience, when it’s used in the past tense it refers to the result of discovering the action had happened
