Basic foot and ankle anatomy - muscles and fascia

Question 1

Role of the posterior compartments of the lower leg

Answer 1

Transforming the foot into a rigid lever

Assisting with push-off

Controlling tibia progression over the foot and foot pronation during initial push-off

Question 2

Name the superficial posterior compartment

Answer 2

Gatroc (medial and lateral head)
Plantaris
Soleus

Question 3

For the soleus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 3

O - Soleal line, medial border of tibia, head of fibula, posterior border of the fibula

I - Posterior surface of the calcaneus

Nerve supply- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)

Vascular supply - Posterior tibial artery vein

Question 4

For the gastrocnemius (medial head) muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 4

O- Posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle, the popliteal surface of the femoral shaft

I- Posterior surface of the calcaneus

Nerve supply- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)

Vascular supply- Medial sural artery, a branch of the popliteal artery

Question 5

For the gastrocnemius (lateral head) muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 5

O- Posterolateral aspect of lateral condyle of the femur

I- Posterior surface of the calcaneus

Nerve supply- Tibial nerve (S1,S2)

Vascular supply- Medial sural artery, a branch of the popliteal artery

Question 6

For the plantaris muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 6

O - lateral supracondylar line of the femur, oblique popliteal ligament of the knee

I - posterior surface of the calcaneus

Nerve supply - Tibial nerve (S1,S2)

Vascular supply - Lateral sural and popliteal arteries and superior lateral genicular artery

Question 7

Name the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 7

Flexor digitorum longus
Tibilias posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Popliteus

Question 8

For the flexor digitorum longus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 8

O - Posterior surface of the tibia (inferior to soleal line)

I - Bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Nerve supply - Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Vascular supply - Posterior tibial artery

Question 9

For the tibilias posterior muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 9

O - posterior surface of tibia, posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

I - Tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4

Nerve supply - Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Vascular supply - Branches of the posterior tibial artery

Question 10

For the flexor hallucis longus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 10

O- Distal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the fibula, interosseous membrane, the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg, and fascia of tibialis posterior muscle.

I- Base of distal phalanx of the great toe

Nerve supply- Tibial nerve (S2,S3)

Vascular supply- Posterior tibial artery, fibular artery

Question 11

For the popliteus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 11

O- Lateral condyle of femur, posterior horn of lateral meniscus of knee joint

I - posterior surface of the proximal tibia

Nerve supply -tibial nerve (L4, S1)

Vascular supply - Inferior medial and lateral genicular arteries (popliteal artery), posterior tibial recurrent artery, posterior tibial artery, nutrient artery of tibia.

Question 12

Name the muscles of the lateral compartment

Answer 12

Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

Question 13

For the peroneus (fibularis) longus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 13

O- Head and superior 2/3 of the lateral surface of the fibula

I- base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Nerve supply: Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)

Vascular supply- Fibular artery

Question 14

For the peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 14

O - inferior 2/3 of the lateral surface of the fibula

I- base of the 5th metatarsal

Nerve supply- superficial fibular nerve (L5- S1)

Vascular supply- anterior tibial artery=

Question 15

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment

Answer 15

Tibilias anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius

Question 16

For the tibilias anterior muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 16

O- upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia
I - medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot

Nerve supply- deep fibular nerve (L4, L 5), and a branch of common fibular nerve

Vascular supply- Anterior tibial artery

Question 17

For the extensor digitorum longus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 17

O- Proximal 1/2 of the medial surface of the fibula, lateral tibial condyle, interosseous membrane

I- Distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Nerve supply- Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Vascular supply- Anterior tibial, fibular, anterior lateral malleolar, lateral tarsal, metatarsal, plantar and digital arteries.

Question 18

For the extensor hallucis longus muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 18

O- middle 1/3 of the medial surface of fibular, interosseous membrane

Insertion- base of distal phalanx of the great toe

Nerve supply- Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Vascular supply- Anterior tibial artery

Question 19

For the peroneus (fibularis) tertius muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 19

O- Distal 1/3 of the medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane, anterior intermuscular septum

I- dorsal surface of base of the 5th metatarsal bone

Nerve supply- Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

Vascular supply- anterior lateral malleolar artery, lateral tarsal artery, metatarsal arteries, lateral plantar artery, digital arteries, arcuate artery, fourth dorsal metatarsal artery

Question 20

Name the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 20

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
Introssei

Question 21

What do the intrinsic muscles in the foot do?

Answer 21

Stabilisation of arches, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

Assist with tension regulation and counteract extrinsic muscle force production

Question 22

For the Quadratus plantae muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 22

O - Calcaneus

I - Tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Nerve supply - Lateral plantar nerve (S1-S3)

Vascular supply - Branch of the posterior tibial artery

Question 23

For the lumbricals muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 23

O - Tendon of the flexor digitorum longus

I - Medial proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion of the extensor digitorum longus

Nerve supply - Lumbrical 1: Medial plantar nerve (S2,S3); lumbricals 2-4: lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)

Vascular supply; Lateral plantar artery, plantar metatarsal arteries, dorsal metatarsal arteries, dorsal digital arteries

Question 24

For the interossei muscle name its:
Origin
Insertion
Nerve supply
Vascular supply

Answer 24

O - Shafts of the metatarsals
I - Base of the proximal phalanx
Nerve supply - Lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
Vascular supply - Lateral plantar artery

Question 25

Bones in the medial arch of the foot

Answer 25

Calcaneus Talus Navicular Three cuneiforms First three metatarsals

Question 26

Bones in the lateral arch of the foot

Answer 26

Calcaneus Cuboid Lateral two metatarsals

Question 27

Bones in the transverse arch

Answer 27

Three cuneiforms Cuboid Bases of five metatarsals