Ankle and foot

Question 1

What articulation takes place at the ankle joint?

Answer 1

Tibia
Fibula
Talus of the foot

Question 2

How many bones, joints and muscles are in the foot

Answer 2

Bones - 26
Joints - 30
Muscles - over 100

Question 3

What are the 3 arches in the foot?

Answer 3

Medial
Lateral
Transverse

Question 4

Tarsals

Answer 4

A set of 7 irregularly shaped bones

They are situated proximally in the foot

Question 5

Metatarsals

Answer 5

Connect the phalanges and the tarsals.

5 all together, numbered from medial (1) to lateral (5)

Question 6

Phalanges

Answer 6

The bones of the toes

Each toe has three phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal)

The big toe only has two phalanges

Question 7

Hindfoot

Answer 7

talus and calcaneus

Question 8

Midfoot

Answer 8

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms

Question 9

Forefoot

Answer 9

Phalanges

Question 10

Dorsum of the foot

Answer 10

Upper surface of the foot

Question 11

Name the only muscle of the dorsum of the foot

Answer 11

Extensor digitorum brevis

Question 12

Name the 3 groups of ligaments at the ankle

Answer 12

Lateral ligaments

Deltoid ligaments

The ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

Question 13

What does the lateral collateral ligament complex consist of?

Answer 13

Anterior talofibular ligament

Posterior talofibular ligament

Calcaneofibular ligament

Question 14

What is the most frequently injured ligament of the ankle?

Answer 14

Anterior talofibular ligament

Question 15

What role does the anterior talofibular ligament have?

Answer 15

An important role in limiting anterior displacement of the talus and plantar flexion of the ankle.

Question 16

Origin and insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament

Answer 16

Origin - anterior edge of the lateral malleolus

Insertion - neck of the talus

Question 17

What is the role of the posterior talofibular ligament

Answer 17

Plays a supplementary role in ankle stability

Question 18

What is the origin and insertion of the posterior talofibular ligament?

Answer 18

Origin - malleolar fossa, located on the lateral malleolus

Insertion - posterolateral talus

Question 19

What is the primary role of the calcaneofibular ligament?

Answer 19

Is to restrain inversion in a neutral or dorsiflexed position, restrains subtalar joint (talocalcaneal) inversion, therby limiting talar tilt

Question 20

Describe the Medial collateral ligament/ deltoid ligament.

What is its origin and insertion

Answer 20

Composed of superficial and deep layers

Multifascicular ligament

Originates from the medial malleolus to insert in the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bone.

Question 21

Role of the medial collateral ligament/deltoid

Answer 21

Stabilises against plantar flexion, external rotation and pronation

Question 22

Name the ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

Answer 22

anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament

Posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament

Interosseous tibiofibular ligament

Question 23

What is the role of the syndesmotic ligament complex

Answer 23

Ensure stability between distal tibia and fibula and resist axial, rotation, and translational forces that can separate the two bones.

Question 24

Plantar aponeurosis

Answer 24

Covers the muscles and tendons at the plantar aspect of the foot.

Question 25

Layer 1 muscles at the plantar aspect of the foot

Answer 25

Abductor didgiti minimi Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis

Question 26

Layer 2 muscles at the plantar aspect of the foot

Answer 26

Quadratus plantae The lumbricals Long tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

Question 27

Layer 3 muscles at the plantar aspect of the foot

Answer 27

Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 28

Layer 4 muscles at the plantar aspect of the foot

Answer 28

interosseous muscles Long tendons of the peroneus/fibularis longus and tibilialis posterior

Question 29

Cutaneous

Answer 29

Relating to the skin

Question 30

Cutaneous innervation of the dorsum By what nerve?

Answer 30

Superficial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves

Question 31

Cutaneous innervation of the plantar aspect By what nerve?

Answer 31

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 32

Dorsal motor innervation By what nerve?

Answer 32

By the deep peroneal nerve to the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis

Question 33

Plantar motor innervation By what nerve?

Answer 33

via the medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 34

What is the principle dorsal artery of the foot?

Answer 34

Dorsalis Pedis artery

Question 35

What artery supplies the plantar section of the foot?

Answer 35

The posterior tibial artery branches off to form the lateral and medial plantar arteries