Basic Considerations

Question 1

DAMPS

Answer 1

Damage-associated molecular patterns: made in cell damage, create sterile systemic inflammation

Question 2

PRR

Answer 2

Pattern recognition receptors: sense DAMPS for response

Question 3

CNS and imflammation

Answer 3

DAMPS signal release of ACTH and glucocorticoids (sympathetic system and HPA axis)

Question 4

HPA axis in inflammation

Answer 4

CRH releases TNF, IL-1/6, and INFa/B as cytokines for inflammation; ACTH makes cortisol for anti-inflammatory

Question 5

Critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI)

Answer 5

Inadequate amounts of cortisol and aldosterone due to exaggerated inflammatory response = blunted adrenocortical response; cause hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia

Question 6

Signals to go back to homeostasis

Answer 6

Oxidative stress response (free radicals); the heat shock protein response; the unfolded protein response; autophagy; pyroptosis

Question 7

TNF-a

Answer 7

from mostly macrophages; stimulates muscle breakdown and cachexia through increased catabolism, insulin resistance, endothelial cell permeability and activates macrophages, NK cells and lymphocytes

Question 8

IL-1

Answer 8

Pro-inflammatory, fever and activates helper T cells

Question 9

IL-2

Answer 9

Differentiation/Maturation of Cytotoxic T Cells; blockade in immunosuppressants

Question 10

IL-4

Answer 10

Differentiation/Maturation of B Cells into Plasma Cells

Question 11

IL-6

Answer 11

Stimulates Hepatic Acute Phase Response (Increased CRP), proportional to injury

Question 12

IL-8

Answer 12

PMN Chemotaxis & Angiogenesis

Question 13

IL-10

Answer 13

Inhibits Inflammatory Response; inhibits TNF and IL-1 by downregulating NF-kB for negative feedback for inflammation cascade