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Myco > Basic concepts of mycology > Flashcards

Basic concepts of mycology Flashcards

1
Q

fungi are eukaryotic because?

A

they possess true nucleus, nuclear membrane, and mitochondria

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2
Q

characteristics of yeasts

A
  • single, vegetative cells (unicellular)
  • moist, creamy, opaque or pasty colonies on media
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3
Q

yeasts reproduce through ___ which involves maturation of the mother bud that can independent to blasticonidium

A

budding

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4
Q

general considerations for the identification of molds

A
  • growth rate
  • colonial morphologic features
  • microscopic morphologic features
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5
Q

how do we differentiate fungi from other microorganisms?

A

fungi are eukaryotic while bacteria are prokaryotes

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6
Q

why do fungi lack antibiotic susceptibility?

A

you cannot use antimicrobial agents, instead antifungal agents.

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7
Q

fungi are ___ bcos they can acquire nutrients from their environment

A

saprophytic

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8
Q

environmental requirement of fungi

A

OBLIGATE AEROBES

  • they grow best at neutral pH and moisture is necessary for their growth.
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9
Q

t or f: most fungi survive in dry conditions

A

true

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10
Q

yeast usually appear?

A

tan to yellowish

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11
Q

term refers to the daughter cells of yeast

A

blastoconidium

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12
Q

in yeast, the parent cell is able to give the genetic material to the daughter cells through the process of?

A

mitosis

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13
Q

molds are also known as?

A

filamentous fungi

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14
Q

what makes it unique in the reproduction of molds?

A

base on their structure

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15
Q

Moist, creamy, opaque or pasty colonies

A

yeast

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16
Q

fluffy, cotton, wooly or powdery colonies

A

molds

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17
Q

general considerations for the identification of molds

A
  • growth rate
  • colonial morphologic features
  • fluffy, cotton, wooly or powdery colonies
  • formation of mycelia
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18
Q

mycelias that grow on top which tend to support the reproductive structures

A

aerial mycelia

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19
Q

mycelia that grow on the bottom

A

vegetative mycelia

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20
Q

mycelia that can be either aerial or vegetative

A

hyphae

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21
Q

made up of many long strands of tube-like structures

A

**hyphae

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22
Q

what is the best way to categorize the molds in examination of hyphae?

A

look for septate or septation

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23
Q

has frequent cross walls, perpendicular to outer walls of hyphae, and looks like a separation in between

A

septate

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24
Q

irregular intervals that can be found in hyphae

A

sparsely septate

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25
Q

term refers for the absence of cross walls or segments

A

aseptate

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26
Q

reproductive structures of molds

A

conidia

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27
Q

the structure that supports the conidia is ____

A

aerial mycelia

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28
Q

term refers to a furrowed or convoluted appearance of fungi in the media

A

verrucose

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29
Q

appearance of fungi in media:

slightly raised in the center

A

umbonate

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30
Q

what is rugose?

A

furrows radiate out from the center

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31
Q

slow growers fungi tend to grow?

A

11 - 21 days

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32
Q

intermediate growers fungi

A

6 - 10 days

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33
Q

growth rate for rapid growers fungi

A

5 days or less

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34
Q

pigmentation of fungi can either be?

A

hyaline of phaeoid

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35
Q

hyaline pigmentation refers to a?

A

nonpigmented or lightly pigmented

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36
Q

what is phaeoid?

A
  • darkly pigmented
  • melanized (dematiaceous)
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37
Q

true or false: pigmentation can only be seen with stains

A

false, usually seen WITHOUT stains

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38
Q

WHITEY SCALEY: hyaline or phaeoid?

A

phaeoid

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39
Q

how can we differentiate the type of diseases and causes of fungi?

A

through their pigmentation

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40
Q

stains of fungi

A
  • Gomori methylene
  • Fontana-Masson
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41
Q

black appearance which is brought by the stain?

A

Gomori methylene

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42
Q

using the Fontana-Masson stain, hyaline is usually seen in color?

A

pink to red

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43
Q

using the Fontana-Masson stain, phaeoid is usually seen in color?

A

brown

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44
Q

texture in loose, high aerial mycelium

A

cottony

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45
Q

low aerial mycelium has a ___ texture

A

velvety

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46
Q

texture which refers to a dense powdery resembling sugar granules

A

granular

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47
Q

describe the glabrous texture

A

smooth surface with no aerial mycelium

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48
Q

high aerial mycelium that appears slightly matted brown

A

wooly

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49
Q

fungi which tend to terminally change their phases

A

dimorphic fungi

50
Q

mold and yeast phase

A

dimorphic fungi

51
Q

temp for the dimorphic fungi mold phase

A

25-30C

52
Q

temp for the yeast phase in dimorphic fungi

A

35-37C

53
Q

both yeast and molds forms in the same culture

A

polymorphic

54
Q

in culture, molds present as ____. they have mycelia observed

A

filamentous

55
Q

fungi in the form of molds reproduce asexually or sexually?

A

both

56
Q

imperfect fungi is also known as?

A

asexual or anamorph

57
Q

asexual fungi are carried out by?

A

Conidiogenous cells
these cells produce the spores

58
Q

an endogenous type of spores which has a sac-like structure and they tend to spread spores inside

A

sporangiospores

59
Q

production of spores can be?

A

endogenous or exogenous

60
Q

term refers to the production of spores which would spread outside

A

exogenous - conidiophore

61
Q

formation of conidia is derived from?

A

hypha

62
Q
  • cells that contains genetic material having a fruit structure
  • it holds the protein structures
A

conidiogenous cells

63
Q

2 kinds of conidiogenous cells

A

phialides and annelides

64
Q

phialides

A

base-like structure

65
Q

the structure that holds phialides are?

A

conidiosphore

66
Q

mycelia are hyphae and are the ones that support ___.

A

conidia

67
Q

Without hyphae, conidiophore, and phialides, you will have ____

A

no conidia for reproduction

68
Q

type of conidia having spore’s formation like fragmentation

A

arthroconidia

69
Q

2 types of conidium

A
  • microconidia
  • macroconidia
70
Q

a unicellular, round, elliptical conidia

A

microconidia

71
Q

a multiseptated and club or spindle shaped conidia

A

macroconidia

72
Q

a saclike structure produced at the tip which reproduce asexually

A

sporangiospore

73
Q

Asexual spores (sporangiosphore) are produced through?

A

sporangium

74
Q

sexual spores are?

A

perfect fungi

75
Q

fungi that reproduces sexually

A

teleomorph

76
Q

asexual forms of the same fungus

A

synanomorphs

77
Q

zygospores is a

A

sporangiospore

78
Q

ascospores is a

A

conidia

79
Q

fungi phyla

A
  • ascomycota
  • basidiomycota
  • subphylum mucoromycotina
80
Q

a group of fungi where there is no mode of reproduction or they have no means of producing sexually (imperfect fungi)

A

deuteromycota

81
Q
  • subphylum mucoromyctoina
  • reproduce asexually
A

mucorales
(sporangiospores, sporangium, sporangiophore)

82
Q

ascomycota (ascospores) reproduction

A

sexual

83
Q

refers to the basidiospores or basidia which reproduce sexually

A

basidiomycota

84
Q

50% of all named fungi belongs to this phylum

A

ascomycota

85
Q

it has a distinct characteristic having a clamp connections

A

BASIDIOMYCOTA

86
Q

biosafety cabinet for fungi

A

class II biosafety cabinet

87
Q

specimen for diagnosis of fungi can be

A
  • respiratory tract specimen (sputum, induced sputum, tracheal aspiration, bronchial washings, broncho alveolar lavage)
  • CSF
  • blood
  • eye (corneal scrapings)
  • hair
  • skin
  • nails
  • vaginal
  • urine
  • tissue, bone marrow, and sterile body fluids
88
Q

most common specimen in identifying yeast and hyphal elements

A

urine

89
Q

agent used to liquefy sputum

A

N-acetyl-L-cysteine

90
Q

storage req for respiratory tract specimen and the media used

A

room temp - processed within 2 hrs
refrigeration (4C) - delay

media: nonselective and media with antibacterial agents

91
Q

storage req for CSF

A

should be processed immediately

  • room temp or 30C

preparation: centri and filtration

92
Q

blood cultures (automation) for blood specimen

A

BACTEC
ALERT
VersaTREK

93
Q

temp req and duration for a blood sample

A

temp: 30C
duration: 21 days

94
Q

a special container in which the wbc and rbc are lysed and centrifuged to get concentrates

A

isolator

95
Q

storage and media used for corneal scrapings

A

media: non-inhibitory
storage: room temp

96
Q

a common identifying method used for hair sample

A

wood lamp UV of >365 nm

97
Q

a sample that requires aseptic technique

A

hair

98
Q

incubation temp for a hair sample

A

22 - 30C

99
Q

vaginal discharge should be?

A
  • submitted w/in 24 hrs
  • use of transport swab
  • incubate 30C for 7 dats
  • media: selective and inhibitory
100
Q

a sample that uses a heparizined syringe and isolator tubes

A

bone marrow

101
Q

used for direct microscopic examination of specimen

A
  • KOH preparation
  • KOH with calcoflour white
  • India ink
  • Tissue stains (periodic acid schiff and mason-fontana stain)
102
Q

KOH preparation is used for samples like

A

skin, hair, nails, and tissue

103
Q

breaks down keratin

A

10% - 20% potassium hydroxide solution

104
Q

can be used with KOH, has a greater breakdown of debris, no heat required

A

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

105
Q

binds to polysaccharides in chitin walls of fungus and needs a fluorescent microscope

A

KOH with calcoflour white

106
Q

+ result of KOH with calcoflour white

A

fluoresce apple green or blue-white

107
Q

used to examine CSF

A

INDIA INK
- Encapsulated yeast C. neoformans
- Yeast: Clear w/ Halo (capsule

108
Q
  • a stain for detection of fungi
  • hyphae of molds and yeast can be readily distinguished
A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain

109
Q

for the examination of melanin pigment in fungal cell walls

A

Masson-Fontana stain

110
Q

tease mount uses two teasing needles and the?

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)
- Lactic acid, Phenol and dye – kills, preserves and stains
organisms

111
Q

+ result for tease mount

A

blue appearance

112
Q

The method of getting the hyphae or mycelia from the fungus

A

cellophane tape method

113
Q

common or routine primary culture media for the initial isolation of pathogens and saprobes

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

114
Q

antibiotic agent that inhibit * insignificant fungal contaminants*

A

Cycloheximide

115
Q

antibiotic agent that inhibit bacterial growth

A

Gentamicin or Chloramphenicol

116
Q

a media that enhance the growth of dimorphic fungi

A

Brain-heart infusions (BHI) w/ 5% to 10% sheep blood

117
Q

agar for the Isolation and presumptive identification of yeast and filamentous fungi

A

chromogenic agar

118
Q

agar that allows identification of pathogenic yeast by examining the microscopic morphology of inoculum growth

A

Cornmeal agar

119
Q

a test for yeast
principle: Grown with serum or plasma at __

Ability to form hyphae

A

germ tube

principle: Grown with serum or plasma at 35c

120
Q

positive for germ tube

A

Candida albicans

121
Q

incubation requirements for culture(temp, duration)

A

temp: 30C
duration: 21 - 30 days

cultures should be examined at least 3x weekly

Myco (5 decks)

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