Basic Concepts of Cognitive Development

Question 1

What are different types of Reasoning?

Answer 1

1. ) Inductive Reasoning- making a general conclusion on specific examples. Ex: This basketball player is super tall so you must be tall in order to be a basket ball player. t what you know and drawing conclusions.
2. ) Deductive Reasoning- formulate ideas about what MIGHT happen in a hypothetical scenario, based on observations. Ex: “I don’t need to go try out, I’m not enough after what I’ve observed”
3. ) Transductive Reasoning: Connect a series of experience to form a conclusion. Ex: you keep sticking your hand in animal cages and keep getting bit. You should eventually realize to not stick your hand in shit.

Question 2

What is egocentric?

Answer 2

Early in life, children are egocentric. It might manifest itself through a variety of cognitive characteristics.

• difficulty understanding OBJECT PERMANENCE
• Causal reasoning. If one thing happens, they MUST have caused it because the whole world revolves around them.

Question 3

What is Symbolic Manipulation skills?

Answer 3

They are key for problem solving. They represent an important step in cognitive development

• MATH is a big one
• physics- able to predict things.

Question 4

What is Classical conditioning?

Answer 4

• Ivan Pavlov
• dogs, made them salivate with the bell
• conditioned, neutral, unconditioned stimulus
• associated a neutral stimulus (bell) with a unconditioned stimulus (food). So every time he rang the bell, he would give his dog a treat. Eventually, when the dog heard the bell, he associated food with the sound and he gave a conditioned response (salivated)
• We see it used in advertising, they will surround it with attractive people, having fun in a beautiful place. we naturally like those things. Associate it with that.

Question 5

What is Operant conditioning?

Answer 5

-B.F. Skinner
-reward and punishment- we reward the good behavior and punish the unwanted behavior. Stop certain behaviors through punishment, continue good behaviors with rewards.
-Rat box, had an electrified grid
-green light= press it you get food.
-red light= DO NOT press you get shocked.
He was operantly conditioned to NOT press the red light.
-red light= zap

Question 6

Scaffolding

Answer 6

• an instructional technique associated with psychologists such as Jerome Bruner and Lev
• Vygotsky (though Vygotsky never used the actual term himself).
• offers a child structure and support when she is first attempting a task that may be beyond her initial abilities. The scaffold is then taken away once the child is able to achieve mastery.
• your not doing the activity for them, but you are assisting and instructing, then eventually they can do it by themselves.
• When a child is receiving just enough support to help her progress, without taking over the task, the child is in the ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT. (ideal, where you are supporting and helping, not doing it for them)