Basic Concepts and Ideas

Question 1

Stages of Illness experience

Answer 1

symptom experience
sick role
medical care contact
patient dependent role
recovery and rehabilitation

Question 2

4 areas of compassion

Answer 2

selecting humanistic student
teaching social and behavioral science
teaching ethnics and humanities
having more positive faculty roles

Question 3

aiken’s study

Answer 3

discontentment with:
not enough nurses for quality care
increased overall workloads
increased time spent doing non-nursing tasks

Question 4

sociological interpretation of health

Answer 4

health - ability to properly fulfill roles within society
include:
physical function
mental health
social wellbeing
role function
symptom management
general health perceptions

Question 5

biological interpretation of health

Answer 5

based on physiological function and abscence of symptoms

Question 6

limitations to biological interpretation of health

Answer 6

• health is physiological malfunctions –> NO included psychological and social functions
  -only physicians can diagnose –> friends and family are also involved
  -absence/presence of symptoms –> symptoms and reactions are too subjective (socially and culturally influences); some conditions don’t have noticeable symptoms
  -health only deals with absence of a specific disease - NOT there are wellbeing factors as well (depression and loneliness)

Question 7

WHO definition of health

Answer 7

health is complete balance of psychological, biological and social functioning and is not just the absence of a disease

Question 8

Dimensions of Health

Answer 8

prevention - trying to stay health
promotion - spreading knowledge on how to stay health
protection - implementing health behaviors
detection –> detecting illness

Question 9

prescriptive

Answer 9

wear a seatbelt, exercise, have a good diet, go to checkups
more specific instructions to stay healthy

Question 10

proscriptive

Answer 10

more generalized suggestions:
dirve safely, dont smoke, limit drinking

Question 11

microapproach to be healthy

Answer 11

indiviudalized decisions to do or not to do something

Question 12

macroapproach to be healthy

Answer 12

community wide changes and social structural changes
can lead to corporate resistance (tobacoo, food industries)
changes cost money!

Question 13

labeling theory

Answer 13

another method for defining role of illness

Question 14

sick role

Answer 14

enters state of normlessness (exiting roles) with limited responsibilities
MUST HAVE DESIRE TO GET BETTER

Question 15

Medicalization

Answer 15

idea of increased medical power; decreased power of religion and law

sin –> law –> illness

Question 16

effects of medicalization

Answer 16

less punitive, less stigmatizing

creates societal labels of disapproval over the idea of being “ill”

Question 17

demedicalization

Answer 17

removing labels of illnesses

Question 18

labeling theory

Answer 18

illnesses are completely subjective and are solely written in cultural context of society

Question 19

range of medical care choices

Answer 19

-modern medical practioners
-alternative medical pracitioners
-non medical practioners
-lay advisors –> religious based person
-self care

Question 20

concerns within dependent patient care

Answer 20

loss of independence and autonomy
withdrawals from important social roles –> becoming burden to others
changing body image

Question 21

Stigmas with illnesses

Answer 21

social rejection
financial insecurity
internalized shame for illness
social isolation

Question 22

when did physicians start to gain dominance

Answer 22

early 20th century –> NO family/church

Question 23

AMA

Answer 23

increased control over supply and licensure
-great trade of 1910
-wanted complete control of medicine
-influence supply of doctors adn get rid of quacks!

Question 24

corporatalization of medicine

Answer 24

decreasing influence of medical profession by the increased power of health maintenance organizations , large hospitals, hospital construction firms, hospital corporatization, pharmaceutical corps, insurance companies

Question 25

effects of corporatization

Answer 25

profit-focused mission instead of patient focused mission lack of physician autonomy to choose prescriptions and treatment methods

Question 26

deprofessionalization

Answer 26

decrease in control corporate but also patient influences --> can refuse treatment, don't have to listen to doctors, doesn't give physician ultimate say

Question 27

proletarianism

Answer 27

idea of physicians becoming more like workers less independent, working under whims of insurance companies and cannot do whatever they want; limitations on prescriptions, treatments, etc.

Question 28

unionization

Answer 28

increases in order to regain control over work

Question 29

AMA standards for profession

Answer 29

1. rigorous standards 2. lots of authority 3. prestige and identification with profession

Question 30

social closure theory

Answer 30

AMA set standards to keep people out

Question 31

countervailing power theory

Answer 31

idea that when one group gains considerable power, other groups will naturally compete and rise in control in order to create balance in the power structure; corporatization is a natural thing that occurred in order to balance the power of the medical profession

Question 32

social control of medicine

Answer 32

idea that doctors would be able to control and regulate themselves

Question 33

internal control

Answer 33

controlling themselves

Question 34

examples of internal control in medicine

Answer 34

peer review hospital review boards state board of medicine national practitioner data bank

Question 35

external control

Answer 35

outsiders would control them

Question 36

what is considered an error of internal control?

Answer 36

medical malpractice

Question 37

malpractice litigation

Answer 37

compensate patients who received injury due to physicians actions/inactions and to stop it from happening again

Question 38

consequences of malpractice crisis

Answer 38

defensive medicine insurance costs increase --> increased costs for patients and physicians embittered doctors issues between doctors and lawyers more doctors leaving the field or limiting services

Question 39

defensive medicine

Answer 39

increasing testing, doing more testing, giving more treatment options,etc. to cover and prevent the chance of being sued

Question 40

embittered doctors

Answer 40

increasing frustration among doctors who begin to see patients as "walking lawsuits"

Question 41

efforts to reduce malpractice litigation

Answer 41

capping dollar value for awards --> good for doctor/insurance; bad for patients/lawyers no-fault insurance system --> quicker, less adversarial method; smaller payments

Question 42

no fault insurance system

Answer 42

alternative insurance that is quicker and less adversarial than normal litigation, however, it goes in much smaller payments

Question 43

physician worklife

Answer 43

high stress; hard work-life balance; increased chemical dependencies to cope with stressors

Question 44

corporatization

Answer 44

increased workload with less pay; decreased mission of service --> for profits instead of for patient

Question 45

what are schools accredited by NOW

Answer 45

Liasion Committee for Medical Education

Question 46

what were schools accredited by BEFORE

Answer 46

AMA - Council on Medical Education

Question 47

detached concern

Answer 47

emotional distance from patient due to about of knowledge to be learned as a result of the profession --> creates desensitization

Question 48

desensitization

Answer 48

not wanting to get close to your patients to the point in which you start dehumanizing them

Question 49

Can Medical residents legally practice medicine

Answer 49

Yes, but only under the supervision of another licensed physician

Question 50

avenues for becoming a nurse

Answer 50

bachelors degree 3 year hospital school of nursing 2 year community college

Question 51

Bureaucratization in nursing

Answer 51

increased; created less of a focus in patient care

Question 52

physicians assistant vs nurse practioner

Answer 52

physicians assistant is less autonomous