Basic Concepts - 2A Flashcards
What two cytokines produced by macrophages have effects on endothelium?
IL-1beta
TNF alpha
What is an example of a chemokine produced by activated macrophages?
CXCL8
What are lipid mediators called?
Eicosanoids
What is phospholipase A2 and what does it release?
Is an eicosanoid that releases arachidonic acid
What role does arachidonic acid play in produciton of prostaglandins?
It is processed by COX
What is COX?
A deal function enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 then PGH2
What is there translocation of to the nuclear envelope in relation to leukotrienes?
CPLA1 and 5-lipoyxgenase
What is released arachidonic acid processed to for Leukotrienes?
LTA4
What can LTA4 be processed to and what is the processed molecule?
LTB4 which is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and stimulator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells
Where are acute phase proteins produced and in response to what?
By the liver in response to IL-6
What does C-reactive protein do?
Binds phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces acting as an opsonin
What does mannose binding lectin do?
Binds mannose residues on bacterial surfaces acting as an opsonin
What are the two types of selectins?
E - monocytes
P - neutrophils
What does activated endothelium give expression of?
P and E selectins
Adhesion molecules recognised by beta2 integrins in leukocytes
What cell are ICAMs assocaited with?
Neutrophils
what cells are V-CAMs assocaited with?
Monocytes
What is the timing with P and E selectin?
Not both at the same time
P selectin can be expressed by endothelial cells within minutes because it is pre formed
It can signal cells to slow down very quickly
What receptors do leukocytes have in them?
Receptor for IL-8 and have integrin
What does diapedesis mean?
Cell can move into the tissue
What is edema?
Fluid moving into tissues
What inflammatory cells are not normally found in tissues?
Granulocytes -
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
What are NETS?
Neutrophil extracellular traps to degranulation pathogens (they can’t eat it)
What are 3 main phases in inflammation
Onset - pro inflammatory soluble mediators initiate the inflammatory cascade
Resolution - another set of mediators dictate events that terminate the inflammatory process
Post-resolution phase - affected tissue developes adaptive immunity and regains a status of ‘adapted homeostasis’
What are two key anti-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-10 and TGF-beta
Why is apoptotic cell death a neat way of dying?
None of the contents are released
What is efferocytosis?
Name given to clearance of apoptotic cells
What do you need a strong response of to maintain tuberculosis?
Strong th1 response
