Basic Concepts - 2A

Question 1

What two cytokines produced by macrophages have effects on endothelium?

Answer 1

IL-1beta
TNF alpha

Question 2

What is an example of a chemokine produced by activated macrophages?

Answer 2

CXCL8

Question 3

What are lipid mediators called?

Answer 3

Eicosanoids

Question 4

What is phospholipase A2 and what does it release?

Answer 4

Is an eicosanoid that releases arachidonic acid

Question 5

What role does arachidonic acid play in produciton of prostaglandins?

Answer 5

It is processed by COX

Question 6

What is COX?

Answer 6

A deal function enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 then PGH2

Question 7

What is there translocation of to the nuclear envelope in relation to leukotrienes?

Answer 7

CPLA1 and 5-lipoyxgenase

Question 8

What is released arachidonic acid processed to for Leukotrienes?

Answer 8

LTA4

Question 9

What can LTA4 be processed to and what is the processed molecule?

Answer 9

LTB4 which is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and stimulator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells

Question 10

Where are acute phase proteins produced and in response to what?

Answer 10

By the liver in response to IL-6

Question 11

What does C-reactive protein do?

Answer 11

Binds phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces acting as an opsonin

Question 12

What does mannose binding lectin do?

Answer 12

Binds mannose residues on bacterial surfaces acting as an opsonin

Question 13

What are the two types of selectins?

Answer 13

E - monocytes
P - neutrophils

Question 14

What does activated endothelium give expression of?

Answer 14

P and E selectins
Adhesion molecules recognised by beta2 integrins in leukocytes

Question 15

What cell are ICAMs assocaited with?

Answer 15

Neutrophils

Question 16

what cells are V-CAMs assocaited with?

Answer 16

Monocytes

Question 17

What is the timing with P and E selectin?

Answer 17

Not both at the same time
P selectin can be expressed by endothelial cells within minutes because it is pre formed
It can signal cells to slow down very quickly

Question 18

What receptors do leukocytes have in them?

Answer 18

Receptor for IL-8 and have integrin

Question 19

What does diapedesis mean?

Answer 19

Cell can move into the tissue

Question 20

What is edema?

Answer 20

Fluid moving into tissues

Question 21

What inflammatory cells are not normally found in tissues?

Answer 21

Granulocytes -
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

Question 22

What are NETS?

Answer 22

Neutrophil extracellular traps to degranulation pathogens (they can’t eat it)

Question 23

What are 3 main phases in inflammation

Answer 23

Onset - pro inflammatory soluble mediators initiate the inflammatory cascade
Resolution - another set of mediators dictate events that terminate the inflammatory process
Post-resolution phase - affected tissue developes adaptive immunity and regains a status of ‘adapted homeostasis’

Question 24

What are two key anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 24

IL-10 and TGF-beta

Question 25

Why is apoptotic cell death a neat way of dying?

Answer 25

None of the contents are released

Question 26

What is efferocytosis?

Answer 26

Name given to clearance of apoptotic cells

Question 27

What do you need a strong response of to maintain tuberculosis?

Answer 27

Strong th1 response