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Innate Immunity > Basic Concepts - 1A > Flashcards

Basic Concepts - 1A Flashcards

1
Q

Basic concepts of immunity against bacteria?

A

Activate complement, enhance phagocytosis and inflammation
Virulence factors are produced by bacteria e.g. toxins

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2
Q

Concepts of immunity against viruses?

A

Neutralising antibodies against viruses
Cell mediated immunity is essential for protection e.g. NK cells and cytotoxic T cells
Interferons are essential

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3
Q

What is a sign of viral infection?

A

Unusual nucleic acids

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4
Q

What is immunity against helminths?

A

Th2 immunity helps against parasitic infections
Mast cells and eosinophils with IgE cover and recruit them

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5
Q

Different types of molecules that can be used in vaccines?

A

Replicating - live attenuated pathogen
Non-replicating - inactivated whole-pathogen
Subunit - toxoids, fragments
Purified antigens - recombinant proteins
Adjuvant - purified antigens + adjuvants

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6
Q

How do adjuvants work?

A

Engaging pattern recognition receptors

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7
Q

What do epithelial cells act as modulators of?

A

Immune activation

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8
Q

The presence of what triggers epithelial cells

A

Presence of allergens

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9
Q

Which cells produce cytokines?

A

Every cell but macrophages produce 100x more

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10
Q

Do IL1 beta and TLRs signal thorugh same or different pathways?

A

Same pathway

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11
Q

Where are innate lymphoid cells enriched?

A

Enriched at barrier surfaces

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12
Q

What are innate lymphoid cells rapidly activated by?

A

Host-derived cytokines and growth factors

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13
Q

What ILCs are cytotoxic?

A

NK and ILC1

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14
Q

What ILCs are non-cytotoxic?

A

ILC2 and ILC3

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15
Q

What is type 1 immunity?

A

Macrophage activation, cytotoxicity

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16
Q

What is type 2 immunity?

A

Alternative macrophage activation
For large extracellular parasites and allergens

17
Q

What is type 3 immunity?

A

Phagocytosis , antimirobial peptides
For extracellular microbes e.g. bacteria and fungi

18
Q

What do commensal organisms in the microbiota do to polysaccharides?

A

Catabolise them to generate short chain fatty acid whihc enhances intestinal epithelial cell barrier function

19
Q

What do commensal organisms promote production of?

A

Mucus and the release of antimicrobial peptides such as regenerating islet-derived protein 3gamma from epithelial cells to limit pathogen colonisation and proliferation

20
Q

What do resident microorganisms in the microbiota inhibit?

A

The colonisation and/or the proliferation of incoming enteric pathogens

21
Q

What strategies have enteric pathogens evolved to overcome competition by commensal bacteria?

A

Killing of commensal competitions through type VI secretion system
Pathogen-induced inflammation, leads to increased epithelial cell turnover

22
Q

What did fibre that you eat do in mice with allergic responses?

A

Mice that were fed high fibre diet have more short chain fatty acids and were protected against allergic inflammation in the lung

23
Q

What are pathological consequences of inflammation?

A

Autoimmune diseases, sepsis, fibrosis etc.

24
Q

What are the receptors for C5a and C3 a?

A

C5a receptor and C3 a receptor

25
Q

What does binding of C5a and C3 a activate

A

G protein

26
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Near small blood vessels in a wide variety of tissues

27
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Substances that alter vascualr permeability such as histamine

28
Q

What does mast cells binding to C3 a and C5a induce?

A

Induces degranulation and release of granule contents

29
Q

What affinity is the binding of IgE to Fc epsylum receptor?

A

High affinity

30
Q

When is IgE bound to the receptor?

A

Always, you can’t detect IgE circulating

31
Q

What cytokine does mast cells produce?

A

IL-4

32
Q

What type of response is producing IL-4?

A

Th2

33
Q

What are two effectors functions of NK cells?

A

Cell killing
Secretion of cytokines

34
Q

What type of molecules do NK cells recognise changes in?

A

Changes in expression of MHC I molecules

35
Q

What is the Fc receptor for?

A

IgG

36
Q

What type of affinity is the binding between IgG and Fc receptor?

A

Low affinity

Innate Immunity (7 decks)

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