Basic concepts

Question 1

Carbon bonding

Answer 1

C can bond to itself in chains

can bond to other C atoms using single double or triple bonds

can bond to other non metals e.g. N, H or O also halogens

forms covalent bonds

4 electrons in outer shell so can form 4 bonds

Question 2

Hydrocarbon def

Answer 2

compound contains only H and C atoms

Question 3

saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 3

only single c to c bonds

called Alkanes, all end in ane

General formular- C n H 2n+2

e.g.
methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10
Continues in numbers after e.g.pent,hex

Question 4

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 4

contain atleast one multiple bond between C atoms

If double bond then Alkenes
general formular- Cn H2n
all end in ene
Methene doesn’t exist
e.g.
Ethene
propene
butene
after this it’s shapes again e.g pent,hex

if triple bond then Alkynes

compounds containing benzene rings are also unsaturated

Question 5

homologous series def

Answer 5

a family of compounds containg same functional group but with each successive member of a series differing by a CH2 group

e.g. Alkanes and Alkenes

also has trends in physical properties e.g.
Mr increases by 14 in both (CH2)

boiling point increases as C atoms increase (increase with chain length)

Question 6

Functional groups defention

Answer 6

a functional group is an atom/group responsible for the characteristic reactions of the compound

Alkanes don’t have one , relatively unreactive compounds

Question 7

Homologous series and their functional groups

Answer 7

alkene- C=C - alkene group

Haloalkane- F, Cl, Br, I - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo group

alcohol- OH - hydroxyl/alcohol group

aldehyde- O=C-H - aldehyde group(Carbonyl)
O
ll
ketone- C–C–C -ketone group (carbonyl)

Carboxylic acid- O=C-OH -carboxylic acid or carboxyl group

Ester- O=C-O -Ester group

look at booklet for actual shape

Question 8

Aromatic compound

Answer 8

These are compounds containing a benzene ring(C6H6)

look in booklet for structure ,basically a hexagon with either a circle or 3 lines in it

Question 9

aliphatic compounds

Answer 9

are compounds to C and H joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings

(includes all alicyclic compounds)

Question 10

Alicyclic compounds

Answer 10

compounds arranged non aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 11

naming Alkanes

Answer 11

1)find longest chain- parent chain/stem, these might not be straight can snake

2) Name stem e.g.

No of C = name
1 meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pent
continue up in shapes e.g. hept, oct, non and dec

3)name alkyl groups(CnH2n+1)attached

name: group:
(Stem+Yl)
Methyl CH3
ethyl C2H5
propyl C3H7
butyl C4H9
pentyl C5H10
continue with shapes e.g.hexyl, heptyl

4.number A groups from end that give lowest no
5.if multiple A groups then list In alphabetical order
6.multiple of the same A group then add prefix
No of A prefix
1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
continue with shapes e.g.hexa, hepta, octa, Nona, deca

7.cyclic alkanes (C ring) have prefix- cyclo

Comma between numbers and - between numbers and letters

Question 12

naming alkenes

Answer 12

1)find longest C Chain (parent group) that includes alkene group (C=C)

2)name stem
e.g.
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, Oct, non, Dec

3) number parent chain from end that gives lowest no to alkene group ( prioritise over alkyl group)

4)if more than 1 alkene group use prefix e.g di-ene or tri-ene also place A at end of alkene parent chain and place number of C with double bond between them e.g. buta- 1,3- diene

5)name and number any alkyl group
e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, hepty

6) if multiple Alkyl groups list in alphabetical order

7)cyclic alkenes (closed ring of C atoms) have prefix Cycle

8)Comma between numbers dashes between letters and numbers

final example:

H CH3
C=C
H H2C- CH3

2-methylbut-1-ene

Question 13

Alkyl group

Answer 13

Formulat CnH2n+1

given symbol R

methyl CH3
Ethyl C2H5
propyl C3H7
butyl C4H9
pentyl C5H11
hexyl C6H13
heptyl C7H15

Question 14

naming alcohols

Answer 14

find longest C chain (parent chain) including alcohol group

name stem

replace E on end with Ol

number parent chain from end to give alcohol group smallest no (prioritise over A groups)

if more than 1 alcohol group use prefix and place E on the end
so butan-1-ol to dibutane-1,2-ol

name and number alkyl groups

if more than 1 use prefix

list alkyl groups in alphabetical order

cyclic has prefix cyclo

Question 15

naming haloalkanes

Answer 15

find longest C chain, parent chain including Halo group

name the stem

number parent chain to give lowest number to haloalkene group possible (prioritise over A group), if multiple use prefix

name and number alkyl groups if multiple use prefix

list H and A groups In alphabetical order

cyclic has prefix cyclo

Question 16

structural formular

Answer 16

shows minimum detail required for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

e.g. instead of C8H18

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

the CH2 continuous section can be shorted to (CH2)4

for cyclic compounds it must still be shown in a ring

Question 17

General formular

Answer 17

general simplest algebraic formular for homologous series

Question 18

displayed formular

Answer 18

shows all bonds and how atoms are joined in a structure

Question 19

skeletal fomular

Answer 19

Hides every C atom and any H atom which is directly attached to a C atom, leaves carbon skeleton and any functional groups

end of each line=C atom
alternatively point up and down lines- zigzag

Question 20

structural isomers

Answer 20

structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formularvbut a different structure formular

3 ways:
chain isomers- where the chains are diff lengths

functional group position isomers-functional group attached to diff carbon

different functional group isomers- different functional groups

PRACTICE THESE