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Organic Chemistry Year 12 > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon containing only C-C double bonds

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3
Q

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon containing at least 1 C to C double bond
-C=C
-C=-C

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4
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but each successive member differing by a CH2

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5
Q

what is a functional group

A

part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

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6
Q

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

molecule containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

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7
Q

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

molecule containing carbons joined together in a ring, with or without branches

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8
Q

what is an aromatic hydrocarbons

A

a molecule containing at least 1 benzene ring

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9
Q

who determines how hydrocarbons are named

A

IUPAC

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10
Q

what are the prefixes of hydrocarbons

A

meth
eth
pro
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

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11
Q

how do you name aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

1) suffix is always -ane
2) count # of carbons in the longest chain (if multiple, use one with most branches)
3) account for any side chains, called alkyl groups, (methyl, ethyl…)
4) name the alkyl groups, making sure to use the smallest number for C possible
5) add di, tri, tetra before prefix for multiple alkyl groups as well

  • e.g. 2,2-dimethylhexane
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12
Q

how do you name alicyclic alkanes

A

add prefix cyclo- before stem

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13
Q

how do you name alkenes

A
  • use number to indicate position of C=C
  • e.g. but-1-ene
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14
Q

what is the alcohol functional group and how is it named

A

-OH
- add suffix -ol (prefix + an + ol)
- name which carbon the OH is on
- e.g. butan-1-ol

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15
Q

what is the aldehyde functional group and how is it named

A

-COH (C=O and C-H)
- add suffix -al
- no need to number as always on end branch (CARBON 1 IS ALWAYS ALDEHYDE CARBON)
- e.g. propanal

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16
Q

how do you name a haloalkane

A
  • contains Cl, Br, I
  • add prefix chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
  • name carbons on which halogen is
  • e.g. 1,2-dichloropentane
17
Q

what is the functional group of ketones and how are they named

A

-C-(C=O)-C-
- add suffix -one (prefix, an, one)
- add number of where C=O bond is only past 5 carbons
- e.g. pentan-3-one

18
Q

what is the carboxylic acid functional group and how do you name it

A

-COOH (C=O, C-OH)
- add suffix -anoic acid
- no need to number as always on the end chain (CARBON IS COOH IS ALWAYS CARBON 1 WHEN NUMBERING ADDITIONAL BRANCHES)
- e.g. 2-methylbutanoic acid

19
Q

how would you name a hydrocarbon with 4 carbons in longest chain, methyl group and bromine group of 2nd carbon

A

2-bromo-2-methylbutane

-ALWAYS NAME MULTIPLE GROUPS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

20
Q

what is molecular formula

A

shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

21
Q

what is empirical formula

A

gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

22
Q

what is general formula

A

simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

23
Q

what is displayed formula

A

shows the relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

24
Q

what is structural formula

A

uses the smallest amount of detail possible to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

-e.g. butane = CH3CH2CH2CH3

25
Q

what is skeletal formula and how is it shown

A

only shows the backbone of the carbon chain

1) no labels of C and H
2) no hydrogen bonds
3) a line is shown as a single bond
4) intersection of 2 lines is a carbon atom and end of each line is a CH3 group
5) branches go out as sticks
6) functional groups still shown

26
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
(same # and type of atoms, but atoms arranged in different ways)

27
Q

what are branches isomers

A
  • straight chain vs branched
    e.g. butane and 2-methylpropane
28
Q

what are position isomers

A

have the same functional group but in a different position in the carbon chain

-e.g. 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane

29
Q

what are functional group isomers

A

have different functional groups and belong to different homologous series

-e,g propanol and propanone

30
Q

how does bond fission occur in hydrocarbons

A

covalent bond= shared pair of e- between two bonded atoms
- when reaction takes place, bond must break (bond fission)

31
Q

what is homolytic fission

A
  • each of the bonded atoms takes one of the electrons in the shared pair of the bond, forming 2 radicals ( atom with a single, unpaired electron
  • if SIMILAR electronegativity
  • shown by fish hook arrows, where one of the arrowhead is missing
32
Q

what is heterolytic bond fission

A
  • where one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons in the bond, forming a + and - ion
  • use normal 1 arrow, and use slightly positive and slightly negative to show the original molecule with DIFFERENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY
33
Q

what is a reaction mechanism

A

HOW a reaction takes place

34
Q

how do you draw arrows in reaction mechanisms

A

from MIDDLE of bond taking electrons from to atom giving electrons too
- showing the movement of a pair/ single electron when a covalent bond is being broken or made

35
Q

what is addition reaction

A
  • 2 reactants join together to form 1 product
  • a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
36
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms

37
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

removal of a small molecule from a larger one ( 1 reactant forms 2 products)
- saturated to unsaturated molecule

Organic Chemistry Year 12 (6 decks)

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