4.2.3 Organic Synthesis Flashcards
what can alkanes form
only haloalkanes
what is the reaction for alkane to haloalkane
- add halogen
- UV light
- free radical substitution!
what can alkenes form
alkanes (hydrogenation)
alcohols (hydration)
haloalkanes (electrophilic addition)
what is the reaction for alkenes to alkanes
- add H2
- Ni catalyst, 473K/330C, high pressure
- hydrogenation
what is the reaction for alkenes to haloalkanes
- add hydrogen halide
- room temperature
- electrophilic addition!
what is the reaction of alkenes to alcohols
- steam/ H2O(g)
- H3PO4 catalyst
- hydration
what can haloalkanes form
alcohols
what is the reaction of haloalkanes to alcohols
- add sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq)
- heat under reflux
- nucleophilic substitution/ hydrolysis!
what things can alcohols form
- haloalkanes
- alkenes
- oxidation products: carboxylic acids, ketones and aldehydes
reaction for alcohol to alkene
- acid catalysT (H2SO4/H3PO4)
- heat under reflux
- elimination/dehydration
reaction for alcohols to haloalkanes
- add hydrogen halide in situ (made from adding sodium halide and dilute H2SO4)
- heat under reflux
- substitution
how do you get from alcohol to carboxylic acid
- primary alcohol
- K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
- heat under reflux
- oxidation
how do you get from an alcohol to aldehyde
- primary alcohol
-K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 - heat to distil
- oxidation
how do you get from alcohol to ketone
- secondary alcohol
- K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
- heat under reflux
- oxidation
all ways you can make haloalkanes
- alkane + UV + halogen
- alkene + halogen halide + room temp
- alcohol + hydrogen halide in situ + under reflux
all the ways you can make alkenes
- just dehydration of alcohols (elimination)
- under reflux and acid catalyst
all the ways you can make alkane
- just hydrogenation of alkenes
- add H2 over Ni catalyst at 330C
all the ways you can make an alcohol
- hydration of alkenes, adding steam and a H3PO4 catalyst
- hydrolysis of haloalkanes, with NaOH, under reflux
