4.2.2 Haloalkanes Flashcards
What are haloalkanes
Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and at least one halogen
What is the rule to remember when naming haloalkanes
If more than one halogen present, name alphabetically
(e.g. 2-chloro-1-iodopropane)
What are haloalkanes structured as
Primary, secondary, tertiary
- dependent on position of halogen, and how many carbons are attached to it
What are the 3 ways to make haloalkanes
Free radical substitution, electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution
Free radical substitution to make haloalkanes
Alkane + halogen ===> haloalkanes
(Need UV light)
Electrophilic addition to make haloalkanes
Alkene + hydrogen halide ===> haloalkanes
(room temperature)
Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes
Alcohol + hydrogen hapkido ===> haloalkane
(Hear under reflux)
(Or can use sodium halide and H2SO4)
Why is the halogen-carbon bond polar
Halogens are more EN than Carbon
What is the nature of the C atom attached to the halogen in haloalkanes
- X-C bond is polar
- so the electron pair is closer to the halogen
- so the carbon atom attached to it is slightly positive
- (so can attract species containing lone pair of e-)
What is a nucleophile
An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom, where it donated a pair of electrons to form a new (dative) covalent bond
What are examples of nucleophiles
:OH-
H2O:
:NH3
- must have lone pair of electrons to donate
- can be charged or neutral
What is nucleophilic substitution
When a haloalkane reacts with a nucleophile, the nucleophile replaces the halogen in a substitution reaction
What is a substitution reaction
Reaction in which one atom or a group of atoms is replaces by another atom or group of atoms
What undergoes nucleophilic substitution
Primary haloalkanes to form a primary product, variety of
What is hydrolysis
Chemical reaction involving water/an aqueous solution of a hydroxide that causes the breaking of a bond in a molecule
- means molecule is split into 2 products
- e.g. in haloalkanes, where the -OH group replaces the halogen atom
What is the mechanism of hydrolysis nucleophilic substitution
1) the nucleophile, OH-, approaches the a C atom attached to the halogen on the opposite side of the molecule containing the C atom
2) this direction AS this minimises the repulsion between the OH- nucleophile attacking and the the slightly negative H atom
3) a lone pair of electrons on the OH- ion is attracted and is donated to the slightly positive C atom
4) a new bond forms between the O of the OH- and the C atom
5) the C-X bond breaks via heterocyclic fission
6) new product formed is an alcohol and a halide ion
Where can you get the OH- ion from in hydrolysis
Aqueous NaOH
- slow at room temp, so heated under reflux to maintain a good yield
- the Na will later react with a halide
explain how you would draw the reaction mechanism for a haloalkane and OH- ion
1) draw the haloalkane with the δ+ and δ- charges on the C and X
2) draw the :OH- below
3) draw a line coming from the : lone pair on the ion to the C attached to the halogen, making sure the arrow is on the opposite side of the halogen
4) draw an arrow coming from the C-X bond to the halogen
5) draw your products, being the alcohol and halide ion
how would you draw the nucleophilic substitution of water and a haloalkane
1) draw a line coming from the :O-H-H bond pair to the C attached to the C-X bond, making sure arrow is on opposite side of the halogen (also add on δ+ and δ- charged too)
2) draw the alcohol formed but with a + on the one side of the O attached to the OH, and on the other side, draw the H bonded
3) draw a line coming from the O-H bond to the O attached to the OH
4) add + halide ion on here
5) then, draw the resulting alcohol, + halide ion, + H+ ion
what do you need to remember when reacting water with a haloalkane
- need a solvent, such as ethanol, to allow the haloalkane and water to mix
- it would form a hydrogen halide instead, instead of sodium halide as before