4.1.1 Basic Concepts Flashcards
what is a hydrocarbon
a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
what is a saturated hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon containing only C-C double bonds
what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon containing at least 1 C to C double bond
-C=C
-C=-C
what is a homologous series
a series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but each successive member differing by a CH2
what is a functional group
part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
molecule containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
molecule containing carbons joined together in a ring, with or without branches
what is an aromatic hydrocarbons
a molecule containing at least 1 benzene ring
who determines how hydrocarbons are named
IUPAC
what are the prefixes of hydrocarbons
meth
eth
pro
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec
how do you name aliphatic hydrocarbons
1) suffix is always -ane
2) count # of carbons in the longest chain (if multiple, use one with most branches)
3) account for any side chains, called alkyl groups, (methyl, ethyl…)
4) name the alkyl groups, making sure to use the smallest number for C possible
5) add di, tri, tetra before prefix for multiple alkyl groups as well
- e.g. 2,2-dimethylhexane
how do you name alicyclic alkanes
add prefix cyclo- before stem
how do you name alkenes
- use number to indicate position of C=C
- e.g. but-1-ene
what is the alcohol functional group and how is it named
-OH
- add suffix -ol (prefix + an + ol)
- name which carbon the OH is on
- e.g. butan-1-ol
what is the aldehyde functional group and how is it named
-COH (C=O and C-H)
- add suffix -al
- no need to number as always on end branch (CARBON 1 IS ALWAYS ALDEHYDE CARBON)
- e.g. propanal
how do you name a haloalkane
- contains Cl, Br, I
- add prefix chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
- name carbons on which halogen is
- e.g. 1,2-dichloropentane
what is the functional group of ketones and how are they named
-C-(C=O)-C-
- add suffix -one (prefix, an, one)
- add number of where C=O bond is only past 5 carbons
- e.g. pentan-3-one
what is the carboxylic acid functional group and how do you name it
-COOH (C=O, C-OH)
- add suffix -anoic acid
- no need to number as always on the end chain (CARBON IS COOH IS ALWAYS CARBON 1 WHEN NUMBERING ADDITIONAL BRANCHES)
- e.g. 2-methylbutanoic acid
how would you name a hydrocarbon with 4 carbons in longest chain, methyl group and bromine group of 2nd carbon
2-bromo-2-methylbutane
-ALWAYS NAME MULTIPLE GROUPS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
what is molecular formula
shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
what is empirical formula
gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
what is general formula
simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
what is displayed formula
shows the relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
what is structural formula
uses the smallest amount of detail possible to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
-e.g. butane = CH3CH2CH2CH3
what is skeletal formula and how is it shown
only shows the backbone of the carbon chain
1) no labels of C and H
2) no hydrogen bonds
3) a line is shown as a single bond
4) intersection of 2 lines is a carbon atom and end of each line is a CH3 group
5) branches go out as sticks
6) functional groups still shown
what are structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
(same # and type of atoms, but atoms arranged in different ways)
what are branches isomers
- straight chain vs branched
e.g. butane and 2-methylpropane
what are position isomers
have the same functional group but in a different position in the carbon chain
-e.g. 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane
what are functional group isomers
have different functional groups and belong to different homologous series
-e,g propanol and propanone
how does bond fission occur in hydrocarbons
covalent bond= shared pair of e- between two bonded atoms
- when reaction takes place, bond must break (bond fission)
what is homolytic fission
- each of the bonded atoms takes one of the electrons in the shared pair of the bond, forming 2 radicals ( atom with a single, unpaired electron
- if SIMILAR electronegativity
- shown by fish hook arrows, where one of the arrowhead is missing
what is heterolytic bond fission
- where one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons in the bond, forming a + and - ion
- use normal 1 arrow, and use slightly positive and slightly negative to show the original molecule with DIFFERENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY
what is a reaction mechanism
HOW a reaction takes place
how do you draw arrows in reaction mechanisms
from MIDDLE of bond taking electrons from to atom giving electrons too
- showing the movement of a pair/ single electron when a covalent bond is being broken or made
what is addition reaction
- 2 reactants join together to form 1 product
- a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
what is a substitution reaction
a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms
what is an elimination reaction
removal of a small molecule from a larger one ( 1 reactant forms 2 products)
- saturated to unsaturated molecule
