Basic Chemistry Flashcards
Is a pure chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substance
Element
The smallest units of matter that retain the identity of a chemical element. Composed of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons in orbitals.
Atoms
Two or more atoms chemically bonded. E.g., H₂O (water), O₂ (oxygen gas).
Molecules
Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
Ions
a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Cation
a negatively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.
anion
Strong bonds where atoms share pairs of electrons. Example: H₂O. This bond is the foundation for most biological molecules. happens in two nonmetals atoms
Covalent bonds
Formed when one atom transfers an electron to another. Example: NaCl (salt). nonmetal and metal atoms bonded
Ionic bond
Weak interactions between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another. Crucial in maintaining the structure of DNA and proteins.
Hydrogen bond
Energy source (glucose), structural components (cellulose).
Carbohydrate
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
monomer
any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers.
Polymer
serve as structural support, biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cellular death.
Proteins
is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
Peptide bond
are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They’re part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. they are hydrophobic
Lipids
is a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes.
Adipose tissue, also known as fat tissue or fatty tissue
are energy storing cells that contain large globules of fat known as lipid droplets surrounded by a structural network of fibers.
Adipocytes
are major membrane lipids that consist of lipid bilayers. This basic cellular structure acts as a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults and more importantly, enables multiple cellular processes to occur in subcellular compartments.
Phospolipids
DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information
Nucleic Acids
is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA)
to create proteins via translation. RNA carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes. mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA)
