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Bloc C - Circulation > Basic cardiac embryology Nov2 M1 > Flashcards

Basic cardiac embryology Nov2 M1 Flashcards

1
Q

% of births with heart anomalies and one important origin of defects

A

0.7-0.8%

adaptations (shunt) developmental defects

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2
Q

why % of heart defects is greater than 0.7% or 0.8%

A
  • many spontaneous defects abort prenatally

- some defects noticed later in life

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3
Q

2 leading causes of death in neonatal phase (1st month)

A
  1. Prematurity

2. Congenital heart disease

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4
Q

what causes congenital cardiac defects (2 categories)

A

genetic and environmental causes

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5
Q

ex of genetic causes of congenital heart disease

A

NKX2.5 mutation, Down syndrome, Edwards 18, Tuners, DiGeorge 22.

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6
Q

ex of environmental causes of congenital heart abnormalities

A

rubella virus, German measles, retinoic acid (vitamin A) disturbances, diabetes

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7
Q

first system formed in embryo

A

CVS

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8
Q

CVS origin (in the trilaminar embryo)

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

3 important cell types formed early in embryogenesis (day 14) important for the heart

A
  • cardiogenic mesenchyme
  • hemangioblasts
  • neural crest cells
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10
Q

3 simultaneous events occuring in heart dev between day 17-22

A
  • neurulation
  • somite formation
  • vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
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11
Q

time of first heart beat during embryogenesis

A

day 21

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12
Q

name of shunt in pulm artery during dev + name of remnant after birth

A

ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosus

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13
Q

what ductus arteriosus does

A

shunts blood from pulm artery to aorta during embryo

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14
Q

most frequent congenital heart disease

A

Ventricular septum defect (VSD)

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15
Q

second most frequent congenital heart disease

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (stays open so venous blood goes to the body, cyanosis at birth)

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16
Q

third most frequent congenital heart disease

A

atrial septum defect

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17
Q

what structure forms cardiogenic mesenchyme and at what embryonic stage

A

primitive streak, at trilaminar embryo

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18
Q

what cardiogenic mesenchyme does once created in primitive streak

A

migrates in front of forming brain region

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19
Q

name of cardiogenic mesenchyme when still in primitive streak

A

mesenchyme. will say cardiogenic when has migrated

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20
Q

what structure cardiogenic mesenchyme lies on in front of brain + importance

A

will lie on the endoderm. Endoderm will induce cardiogenic mesenchyme to form heart

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21
Q

what mesenchymal stem cells also form in the primitive streak + importance

A

hemangioblasts. Most important stem cell forming the CVS

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22
Q

what hemangioblasts can give rise to

A

angioblasts and hematopoietic stem cells

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23
Q

how coelum forms

A

mesoderm forms somites and coelum forms in the somites

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24
Q

why coelum important in CVS embryology

A

will form the pericardial cavity

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25
earliest shape of coelum and embryonic stage
U shape during trilaminar embryo phase
26
what cavity formed by the coelum is the most cranial + location
pericardial cavity. will be very close to the cardiogenic mesenchyme
27
hemangioblasts formed by the primitive streak: where they go (4)
go to extra embryonic tissues (yolk sac and placenta) and embryonic tissues and amnion
28
first hematopoietic organ of the embryo and 2 important cell types
yolk sac. mesenchyme and hemangioblasta
29
what anterior endoderm will stimulate other than the cardiogenic mesenchyme
will stimulate intra embryonic hemangioblasts to form endothelial tubes
30
hemangioblast in mesenchyme (in yolk sac for example): 3 markers at single cell stage
brachyury Flk-1 endoglin
31
how hemangioblast develops in mesenchyme (in yolk sac for ex)
form a ball of cells: peripheral layer of angioblast and hematopoietic SCs in middle
32
marker of angioblasts
Flk-1
33
markers and charact. of endothelium surrounding angioblasts and hematopoietic SCs in middle
Flk-1, basement membrane, VE-CAD
34
name of phenomenon in middle of ball surrounded by angioblasts
intravascular hematopoiesis
35
name to hematopoiesis when happens outside an angioblast surrounding + example
extravascular hematopoiesis. ex. in bone marrow
36
name of structure formed by hematoipoietic stem cells within angioblasts circle
blood islet (or island)
37
what angioblasts and hematopoietic cells ball will do
angioblasts sprout and will form vessels
38
what is found in middle of cardiogenic mesenchyme before folding of trilaminar embryo
in center, endothelial vessels called endocardial tube (are the cavity of the future heart)
39
morphology of endothelial tube
two tubes paired
40
endothelial tubes (made of endothelial lining and cardiogenic mesenchyme) connect to what veins
``` vitelline vein in posterior region (from yolk sac) umbilical vein (from placenta) ```
41
most early CVS description
2 endocardial tubes, aorta coming out, vitelline vein and umbilical vein
42
first beating of heart occurs when in terms of embryonic phases and dev
before folding of trilaminar embryo, within the endocardial tubes
43
where heart goes after folding of trilaminar embryo
moves to thoracic region
44
where aorta (coming out of heart) goes
to placenta
45
what structure will envelop the endocardial tubes as they fuse
pericardium (has parietal and visceral layer). Visceral layer goes over tube
46
morphology of vessels entering the single endocardial tube after folding an d location
are paired. enter the tube at the caudal region at septum transversum
47
septum transversum origin
mesenchyme
48
consequence of defects in lateral folding of the body (that didn't meet in the midline)
incomplete sternum, heart exposed to outside
49
how heart chambers number will evolve and what this reminds of
initially one chamber after folding. then 2 like fish. then 3 like amphibians. then 4
50
most important gene in cardiogenic mesenchyme + 2nd name
Nkx2-5 (Tin Man gene)
51
function of Nkx2-5
orchestrates cardiac transcription pathway (all other TFs that go form the chambers)
52
Nkx2-5 gene haplosufficient or haploinsufficient so we say that the condition is _____
haploinsufficient. dominant
53
what happened when Nkx2-5 knocked out in drosophila
no heart developped
54
defects of one Nkx2-5 mutation
ventricular septum defects, atrial septum defects, cardiac defects, conduction anomalies
55
cardinal veins gross def
primitive embryonic veins
56
where common cardinal veins drain in the heart exactly
in sinus venosus. posterior
57
where common cardinal veins drain tissue from
cranial and caudal embryonic tissues
58
sinus venosus def
is the inflow chamber of the primitive heart tube
59
what drains into the sinus venosus + origin
paired cardinals (from embryo), umbilical vein (from placenta), vitelline vein (from yolk sac)
60
name of outflow trunk in the primitive heart tube and what it does
truncus arteriosus. empties in aortic sac which empties in paired aortic arches to the two dorsal aortae
61
how primitive heart tube will start to form the heart chambers + initial structures obtained
primitive dilations - primitive common atrium - primitive common ventricle - bulbus cordis
62
oxygenation of blood from cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins
cardinal veins: deox umbilical: highly oxyg vitelline veins (yolk sac): hematopoeitic stem cells within the islands (yolk sac embryonic blood)
63
3 walls of the heart (layers)
inside: endothelium (primitive wall = endocardium) 2nd layer: myocardium 3rd region: epicardium
64
what myocardium gives rise to
myoblasts
65
what lines epicardium
mesothelium
66
epicardialization def
process by which the visceral pericardium forms the epicardium
67
inside the heart, what accompanies the endocardium (endothelium)
primitive mesenchyme in a cardiac jelly
68
what mesenchyme cardiac jelly does
plays role in valve formation, septation of the heart, formation of the fiber skeleton, molding into heart shape
69
3 myoblast lineages formed by the myocardium + name these have in common (not important)
3 types of myocytes*: - contractile striated myocytes - Myo-conducting myocites (Purkinje cells) - Myo-endocrine cells that produce ANF
70
important component of epicardium around the heart tube
coronary vessel precursors
71
description of event changing paired symmetrical system to asymmetrical system
bulbo-ventricular looping of the single heart within the pericardial cavity
72
asymmetrical drainage into the heart: components
IVC, SVC, coronary sinus
73
location of venous inflow and arterial outflow prior to heart folding
venous inflow is caudal (bottom) | arterial outflow is cranial (top)
74
what happens to endocardial tube after folding in thoracic cavity
they fuse together
75
normal positioning of the heart and abnormal: names
levocardia is normal | dextrocardia is abnormal
76
in levocardia, event initiating bulbo-vent looping
Pitx2 expressed on left side. and also in SA region
77
Pitx2 type of gene
TF
78
other TF expressed at looping + origin
retinoic acid (vitamin A): by mesenchyme
79
what region becomes the sinoatrial node
sinus venosus
80
location of atrium after looping (in levocardia)
in the back.
81
orientation of looping in levocardia and what happens
counterclockwise. truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, pV and pA fold to the left and stay in that order from top to bottom
82
dextrocardial situs inversus def and what happens
inversion of heart in situs inversus where other organs inverted too. Pitx2 expressed on the right
83
isolated dextrocardia def
only heart inverted
84
isolated dextrocardia: what is normal and what is abnormal
RA and RV are normal. | Apex is to the right (abnormal)
85
transposition of great vessels: position of aorta and pulm trunk + connection
aorta in front (connects to RV) and pulm trunk in the back (connects to LV)
86
problem of transposition of great vessels
hypoxia at birth
87
why transposition of great vessels is viable (2)
Ventricular septum defects + open ductus arteriosis allow mixing of the blood (correction surrgically at birth)

Bloc C - Circulation (29 decks)

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