Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bloc C - Circulation > Basic cardiac embryology Nov2 M1 > Flashcards

Basic cardiac embryology Nov2 M1 Flashcards

1
Q

% of births with heart anomalies and one important origin of defects

A

0.7-0.8%

adaptations (shunt) developmental defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why % of heart defects is greater than 0.7% or 0.8%

A
  • many spontaneous defects abort prenatally

- some defects noticed later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 leading causes of death in neonatal phase (1st month)

A
  1. Prematurity

2. Congenital heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what causes congenital cardiac defects (2 categories)

A

genetic and environmental causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ex of genetic causes of congenital heart disease

A

NKX2.5 mutation, Down syndrome, Edwards 18, Tuners, DiGeorge 22.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ex of environmental causes of congenital heart abnormalities

A

rubella virus, German measles, retinoic acid (vitamin A) disturbances, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

first system formed in embryo

A

CVS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CVS origin (in the trilaminar embryo)

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 important cell types formed early in embryogenesis (day 14) important for the heart

A
  • cardiogenic mesenchyme
  • hemangioblasts
  • neural crest cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 simultaneous events occuring in heart dev between day 17-22

A
  • neurulation
  • somite formation
  • vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

time of first heart beat during embryogenesis

A

day 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name of shunt in pulm artery during dev + name of remnant after birth

A

ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what ductus arteriosus does

A

shunts blood from pulm artery to aorta during embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most frequent congenital heart disease

A

Ventricular septum defect (VSD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

second most frequent congenital heart disease

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (stays open so venous blood goes to the body, cyanosis at birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

third most frequent congenital heart disease

A

atrial septum defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what structure forms cardiogenic mesenchyme and at what embryonic stage

A

primitive streak, at trilaminar embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what cardiogenic mesenchyme does once created in primitive streak

A

migrates in front of forming brain region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name of cardiogenic mesenchyme when still in primitive streak

A

mesenchyme. will say cardiogenic when has migrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what structure cardiogenic mesenchyme lies on in front of brain + importance

A

will lie on the endoderm. Endoderm will induce cardiogenic mesenchyme to form heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what mesenchymal stem cells also form in the primitive streak + importance

A

hemangioblasts. Most important stem cell forming the CVS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what hemangioblasts can give rise to

A

angioblasts and hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how coelum forms

A

mesoderm forms somites and coelum forms in the somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why coelum important in CVS embryology

A

will form the pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

earliest shape of coelum and embryonic stage

A

U shape during trilaminar embryo phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what cavity formed by the coelum is the most cranial + location

A

pericardial cavity. will be very close to the cardiogenic mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hemangioblasts formed by the primitive streak: where they go (4)

A

go to extra embryonic tissues (yolk sac and placenta) and embryonic tissues and amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

first hematopoietic organ of the embryo and 2 important cell types

A

yolk sac. mesenchyme and hemangioblasta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what anterior endoderm will stimulate other than the cardiogenic mesenchyme

A

will stimulate intra embryonic hemangioblasts to form endothelial tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hemangioblast in mesenchyme (in yolk sac for example): 3 markers at single cell stage

A

brachyury
Flk-1
endoglin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how hemangioblast develops in mesenchyme (in yolk sac for ex)

A

form a ball of cells: peripheral layer of angioblast and hematopoietic SCs in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

marker of angioblasts

A

Flk-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

markers and charact. of endothelium surrounding angioblasts and hematopoietic SCs in middle

A

Flk-1, basement membrane, VE-CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name of phenomenon in middle of ball surrounded by angioblasts

A

intravascular hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

name to hematopoiesis when happens outside an angioblast surrounding + example

A

extravascular hematopoiesis. ex. in bone marrow

36
Q

name of structure formed by hematoipoietic stem cells within angioblasts circle

A

blood islet (or island)

37
Q

what angioblasts and hematopoietic cells ball will do

A

angioblasts sprout and will form vessels

38
Q

what is found in middle of cardiogenic mesenchyme before folding of trilaminar embryo

A

in center, endothelial vessels called endocardial tube (are the cavity of the future heart)

39
Q

morphology of endothelial tube

A

two tubes paired

40
Q

endothelial tubes (made of endothelial lining and cardiogenic mesenchyme) connect to what veins

A 
vitelline vein in posterior region (from yolk sac)
umbilical vein (from placenta)
41
Q

most early CVS description

A

2 endocardial tubes, aorta coming out, vitelline vein and umbilical vein

42
Q

first beating of heart occurs when in terms of embryonic phases and dev

A

before folding of trilaminar embryo, within the endocardial tubes

43
Q

where heart goes after folding of trilaminar embryo

A

moves to thoracic region

44
Q

where aorta (coming out of heart) goes

A

to placenta

45
Q

what structure will envelop the endocardial tubes as they fuse

A

pericardium (has parietal and visceral layer). Visceral layer goes over tube

46
Q

morphology of vessels entering the single endocardial tube after folding an d location

A

are paired. enter the tube at the caudal region at septum transversum

47
Q

septum transversum origin

A

mesenchyme

48
Q

consequence of defects in lateral folding of the body (that didn’t meet in the midline)

A

incomplete sternum, heart exposed to outside

49
Q

how heart chambers number will evolve and what this reminds of

A

initially one chamber after folding. then 2 like fish. then 3 like amphibians. then 4

50
Q

most important gene in cardiogenic mesenchyme + 2nd name

A

Nkx2-5 (Tin Man gene)

51
Q

function of Nkx2-5

A

orchestrates cardiac transcription pathway (all other TFs that go form the chambers)

52
Q

Nkx2-5 gene haplosufficient or haploinsufficient so we say that the condition is _____

A

haploinsufficient. dominant

53
Q

what happened when Nkx2-5 knocked out in drosophila

A

no heart developped

54
Q

defects of one Nkx2-5 mutation

A

ventricular septum defects, atrial septum defects, cardiac defects, conduction anomalies

55
Q

cardinal veins gross def

A

primitive embryonic veins

56
Q

where common cardinal veins drain in the heart exactly

A

in sinus venosus. posterior

57
Q

where common cardinal veins drain tissue from

A

cranial and caudal embryonic tissues

58
Q

sinus venosus def

A

is the inflow chamber of the primitive heart tube

59
Q

what drains into the sinus venosus + origin

A

paired cardinals (from embryo), umbilical vein (from placenta), vitelline vein (from yolk sac)

60
Q

name of outflow trunk in the primitive heart tube and what it does

A

truncus arteriosus. empties in aortic sac which empties in paired aortic arches to the two dorsal aortae

61
Q

how primitive heart tube will start to form the heart chambers + initial structures obtained

A

primitive dilations

  • primitive common atrium
  • primitive common ventricle
  • bulbus cordis
62
Q

oxygenation of blood from cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins

A

cardinal veins: deox
umbilical: highly oxyg
vitelline veins (yolk sac): hematopoeitic stem cells within the islands (yolk sac embryonic blood)

63
Q

3 walls of the heart (layers)

A

inside: endothelium (primitive wall = endocardium)
2nd layer: myocardium
3rd region: epicardium

64
Q

what myocardium gives rise to

A

myoblasts

65
Q

what lines epicardium

A

mesothelium

66
Q

epicardialization def

A

process by which the visceral pericardium forms the epicardium

67
Q

inside the heart, what accompanies the endocardium (endothelium)

A

primitive mesenchyme in a cardiac jelly

68
Q

what mesenchyme cardiac jelly does

A

plays role in valve formation, septation of the heart, formation of the fiber skeleton, molding into heart shape

69
Q

3 myoblast lineages formed by the myocardium + name these have in common (not important)

A

3 types of myocytes*:

  • contractile striated myocytes
  • Myo-conducting myocites (Purkinje cells)
  • Myo-endocrine cells that produce ANF
70
Q

important component of epicardium around the heart tube

A

coronary vessel precursors

71
Q

description of event changing paired symmetrical system to asymmetrical system

A

bulbo-ventricular looping of the single heart within the pericardial cavity

72
Q

asymmetrical drainage into the heart: components

A

IVC, SVC, coronary sinus

73
Q

location of venous inflow and arterial outflow prior to heart folding

A

venous inflow is caudal (bottom)

arterial outflow is cranial (top)

74
Q

what happens to endocardial tube after folding in thoracic cavity

A

they fuse together

75
Q

normal positioning of the heart and abnormal: names

A

levocardia is normal

dextrocardia is abnormal

76
Q

in levocardia, event initiating bulbo-vent looping

A

Pitx2 expressed on left side. and also in SA region

77
Q

Pitx2 type of gene

A

TF

78
Q

other TF expressed at looping + origin

A

retinoic acid (vitamin A): by mesenchyme

79
Q

what region becomes the sinoatrial node

A

sinus venosus

80
Q

location of atrium after looping (in levocardia)

A

in the back.

81
Q

orientation of looping in levocardia and what happens

A

counterclockwise. truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, pV and pA fold to the left and stay in that order from top to bottom

82
Q

dextrocardial situs inversus def and what happens

A

inversion of heart in situs inversus where other organs inverted too. Pitx2 expressed on the right

83
Q

isolated dextrocardia def

A

only heart inverted

84
Q

isolated dextrocardia: what is normal and what is abnormal

A

RA and RV are normal.

Apex is to the right (abnormal)

85
Q

transposition of great vessels: position of aorta and pulm trunk + connection

A

aorta in front (connects to RV) and pulm trunk in the back (connects to LV)

86
Q

problem of transposition of great vessels

A

hypoxia at birth

87
Q

why transposition of great vessels is viable (2)

A

Ventricular septum defects + open ductus arteriosis allow mixing of the blood (correction surrgically at birth)

Bloc C - Circulation (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions