Basic Blood

Question 1

Components of blood (3)

Answer 1

1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

Volume of RBCs in a sample of blood (packed cell volume, PCV).

Question 3

Blood plasma

Answer 3

> 90% water by weight. Serves as a solvent for proteins, nutrients, and wastes.

Question 4

Interstitial fluid

Answer 4

Fluid found surrounding tissue cells. Derived from blood plasma. Electrolyte composition derived from blood plasma.

Question 5

Serum

Answer 5

Blood plasma without clotting factors.

Question 6

Albumin

Answer 6

Main protein made in the liver. Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient between blood and EC tissue fluid. Major source of colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 7

What does albumin carry?

Answer 7

Thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates.

Question 8

Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 8

Osmotic pressure on vessel walls.

Question 9

Non-immune (alpha and beta globulins)

Answer 9

Maintains osmotic pressure within the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins.

Question 10

Examples of non-immune globulins (a and b)

Answer 10

Fibronectin, lipoproteins, coagulation factors.

Question 11

Fibrinogen

Answer 11

Soluble form of fibrin. Thrombin acts to activate to fibrin which forms blood clots.

Question 12

Erythromycin lifespan

Answer 12

120 days. Approx. 1% of RBCs are removed each day. Phagocytosed in spleen, bone marrow and liver.

Question 13

Reticulocytes

Answer 13

Immature RBCs released from bone marrow. Have not yet shed nuclear material and still have organelles. Wll mature in 24-48 hrs.

Question 14

Glycophorin

Answer 14

Attaches underlying cytoskeleton protein network to cell membrane.

Question 15

Band 3 protein

Answer 15

Binds hemoglobin and acts as an anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins. More abundant.

Question 16

Hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 16

Autosomal dominant mutation. Affects ankyrin complex. Defective anchor points, causing membrane to detach and peel off, causing spherical erythrocytes.

Question 17

a-spectrin and b-spectrin

Answer 17

Make up the lattice network inside the RBC. Form a heterodimer that then forms long, flexible tetramers.

Question 18

Spectrin filaments are anchored by (2):

Answer 18

Band 4.1 protein complex - interacts with glycophorin C.

Ankyrin protein complex - interact with band 3.

Question 19

Hereditary elliptocytosis

Answer 19

Autosomal dominant mutation. Spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective. Membrane doesn’t rebound and progressively elongates (elliptical RBCs).

Question 20

Granulocytes (3)

Answer 20

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 21

Agranulocytes (2)

Answer 21

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 22

Neutrophils

Answer 22

“Polymorphonuclear nuetrophils”
Lack of cytoplasmic staining.
Function in acute inflammation and tissue injury.
Recognize and bind bacteria and other foreign agents.

Question 23

Neutrophil granulocytes (3)

Answer 23

1. Azurophilic granules (primary granules): lysosomes with MPO (myeloperoxidase).
2. Specific granules (secondary granules): secretory vessels containing enzymes.
3. Tertiary granules: Phosphatases and metalloproteinases (facilitate migration through CT).

Question 24

Eosinophils

Answer 24

Nuclei are bilobed.
Contain large specific and azurophilic granules.
Release arylsulfatase and histaminase.
Concentration increases in people with allergies or parasitic infections (eosinophilia).

Question 25

Basophils

Answer 25

Least numerous.
Functionally related to mast cells.
Responsible for severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis.

Question 26

Lyphmocytes

Answer 26

Various sizes.

Not terminally differentiated (can differentiate into other effector cells).

Question 27

Types of Lymphocytes (3)

Answer 27

1. T cells
2. B cells
3. NK cells

Question 28

T cells

Answer 28

Differentiate in the thymus. Have a long life span and are involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Question 29

B cells

Answer 29

Form and differentiate in bone marrow. Transform into plasma cells, which make Abs.

Question 30

NK cells

Answer 30

Programmed to kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells.

Question 31

How are leukocytes differentiated?

Answer 31

T and B cells can’t be distinguished. NK cells can be determined based on size, nuclear shape and cytoplasmic granules.

Question 32

Monocytes

Answer 32

Largest WBC.
Contain small azurophilic granules.
Differentiate into phagocytes in tissues.

Question 33

Monocytes differentiate into (3):

Answer 33

1. Mononuclear phagocytotic system
2. Osteoclasts
3. Macrophages of connective tissues

Question 34

Thrombocytes

Answer 34

Membrane-bound.
Derived from megakaryocyte.
Small bits of cytoplasm break off and circulate to control hemostasis.

Question 35

Thrombocytes release _______ to promote adhesion (2):

Answer 35

1. Serotonin: vasoconstriction –> smooth muscle contraction –> reduces blood flow.
2. ADP and thromboxane A2: increase aggregation of platelets to form primary hemostatic plug.

Question 36

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 36

Platelets provide a surface for soluble fibrinogen to become fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh over initial plug, trapping platelets. This is the secondary hemostatic plug.