BASIC BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND ANALYSES OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES Flashcards
Is a philosophical discipline that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct in relation to
health in particular and to human life in general.
Bioethics
It is the quality of the human act and is related to ethics
Morality
branch of philosophy that pertains with the morality of human conduct
ethics
What are the basic bioethical principles?
- Stewardship principle
- Totality Principle
- Double Effect Principle
- Principle of Cooperation
it embodies the concept that a steward has the obligation to take good care and improve a thing
or asset entrusted to him/her.
Stewardship Principle
is pertaining how are you going to take good care of your responsibility or your responsibility as a healthcare practitioner in supervising of all your work
Stewardship
It means that the parts of the physical entity, as parts are ordained to the good of the physical whole.
Totality Principle
is one of the important documents that you need to communicate with your patient to avoid legal
issues.
Informed consent
Contemplates that it is permissible to cause harm as a side effect (or “double effect”) of bringing about a good result even though it would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to bringing about the same good end.
Double effect principle
Is a bioethical concept that differentiates the action of the wrongdoer from the action of the cooperator.
Principle of cooperation
2 types of principle of cooperation
- formal cooperation
- material cooperation
Defined as willing participation on
the part of the cooperative agent in
the sinful act of the principal agent
Formal Cooperation
Occurs when the cooperator does
not intend the object wrongdoer’s
activity but actively participating in
the deed by which the evil is
performed.
Material Cooperation
What are the major bioethical principles
- Principle of Respect for Autonomy
- Principle of Beneficence
- Principle of Non-Maleficence
- Principle of Justice
Entails that health-care professional should respect the autonomous decisions of competent adults.
Principle of Respect for Autonomy
The ability of a person to give consent after due information of medical intervention. However, if
the patient is minor (below 18 y/o) then this principle is exercised by the parents.
Principle of Respect for Autonomy
It holds that the health care should aim TO DO GOOD. The ethical obligation to maximize benefit and to minimize harm.
Principle of Beneficence
Requires that health-care professional should do NO
HARM. Obligation to prevent undue and deliberate infliction of harm on persons.
Principle of Non-Maleficence
Hold that the health-care professionals should act fairly when interests of different individuals or groups are in competition
Principle of Justice
2 types of principle of justice
comparative and distributive justice
Refers to balancing the competing interest of individual and groups against one another
Comparative Justice
Refers to the fair distribution of healthcare services to all
Distributive Justice
Is an ethical dispute that requires the application of ethical principles for its resolution.
Bioethical Issues
It demands respect and protection of life
Pro-life
It attempts to calibrate the extent of respect and protection due to life
pro-choice
requires the application of ethical
principles to a certain ethical inquiry
Bioethical issues
is primarily concerned with the
interpretation or application of the law, particularly to a certain given fact
legal issue
give the well-worn bioethical issues
destruction of life and sustaining life
it composed of abortion and euthanasia and assisted suicide
destruction of life
It composed of withholding life support and organ transplantation
sustaining life
Refers to the termination of pregnancy before the viability of the fetus. It also involves removal or expulsion of an embryo or
fetus. This can be direct, induced or even by natural cases or accidents
abortion
it is also known as mercy killing. it is the practice of painlessly putting to death a person suffering from an incurable disease. It can also be active or passive
Euthanasia
It is what we call the positive euthanasia. It involves actions that speed up the process of dying.
active euthanasia
True or False:
In active euthanasia, it may be committed with or without consent of the dying patient
true
It is also known as negative euthanasia. There is no heroic measure taken to preserve life.
passive euthanasia
Sometimes, a patient needs CPR, but the relatives may sometimes not permit it because may cause harm to the patient. They have the rights as long as there is a waiver to
waive the procedure.
DNR- Do not Resuscitate
Refers to the decision of the patient or his/her representative to refrain from giving permission for
treatment or care
Withholding treatment
Refers to the decision of the patient or his/her representative to discontinue activities or remove
forms of patient care
Withdrawing treatment
Is a form of surgery wherein one body part is transferred from one site to another or from one
individual to another.
Organ Transplantation
Tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual
autograph or autotransplant
Transplant of an organ or tissue from one individual to another
allograph or homograph
A surgical graft of tissue from animals to humans
Xenograph or heterograph
