Basic Animal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
eaten by farm animals
A
Feed
2
Q
consumed by people and companion animals
A
Food
3
Q
Gastrointestical Tract/GI Tract
A
Digestion and Absorption
4
Q
what is eaten once it is in the GI Tract
A
Ingesta
5
Q
what are the functions of the gut?
A
- Digest the food, first by mechanical grinding of the food and then breaking down complex chemical conpounds to simple and chemicals by enzymes.
- Absorb nutrients, including water.
- Protect against pathogenic organisms.
- Ferment the feed to provide the nutrients.
- Move ingesta through the GI Tract.
6
Q
the breaking down or digestion of food in the absence of oxygen, mostly by microbes
A
Fermentation
7
Q
coiled tube that extends from the lips (mouth to the anus)
A
Alimentary Tract (alimentary canal)
8
Q
principal parts of alimentary canal
A
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
9
Q
mechanical grinding of the feed in the mouth or chewing
A
Mastication
10
Q
act of swallowing
A
Deglutition
11
Q
upper lip is the chief prehensile organ
A
Horse
12
Q
tongue is the main prehensile organ
A
Cattle and Ox
13
Q
incisors and tongue are the main prehensile organs
A
Goat
14
Q
pointed lower lip, teeth, and tongue are the prehensile organs
A
Pig
15
Q
pair of beaks (tuka) is the main prehensile organ
A
Chicken
16
Q
contraction and relaxation of the muscle
A
Peristalsis
17
Q
common passageway for air and feed
A
Pharynx
18
Q
links the mouth with the stomach and, therefore, carries ingesta to the stomach
A
Esophagus
19
Q
an outgrowth of the esophagus in many birds is called?
A
Crop
20
Q
the sight of the muscular mixing (and grinding in some species) of the ingesta
A
Stomach
21
Q
there is the addition of gastric secretions (or juices) containing ______ and ______.
A
Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen
22
Q
the ruminant stomach: divided into 4 compartments:
A
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
23
Q
large muscular compartment of ruminant which fills the left side of the body cavity. it acts as storage, soaking, and physical mixing and breakdown
A
Rumen (pauch)
24
Q
favorable conditions which are provided in the rumen:
A
- anaerobic environment
- constant warm temperature
- moisture
- constant food supply
- mixing
- removal of toxic end products
25
lies against the diaphram and liver, have fold that resemble a honey comb
Reticulum
26
gloved-shape compartment of ruminant that communicate with the abomasum through the omasoabomasal orifice
Omasum
27
similar to the true stomach of non-ruminant, true or gastric stomach
Abomasum
28
begins at the base of the esophagus, stimulated by sucklings, forms a tube which empties into the abomasum
Esophageal groove
29
proves of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth for additional breakdown
Rumination
30
4 phrases of rumination:
1. Regurgitation
2. Re-mastication
3. Re-insalvation
4. Re-swallowing
31
belching of gas
Eructation
32
two parts of avian stomach:
1. Proventriculus - for storage
2. Ventriculus (gizzard) - grinding food
33
in the parts of avian stomach, this is a muscular area that contains grit
Ventriculus (gizzard)
34
in the parts of avian stomach, it is a true stomach—production of pepsin and HCI
Proventriculus
35
it is 30% of the gut, and the site of carbohydrates, protein, and fat digestion and absorbtion of products, together with vitamins and minerals
Small intestine
36
3 segment of small intestine:
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
37
cleave the peptide bonds adjacent to basic amino acids
Trypsin
38
cleave peptide bonds adjacent to uncharged amino acid
Chymotrypsin
39
cleave the carboxyl-terminal peptide bonds
Carboxypeptidase
40
cleave peptide bonds adjacent to small amino acid
Elastases
41
digests fat (trigyceride) after has been emulsified by the addition of bile salts (in the bile produced by the liver)
Lipase
42
there is fermentation of ingesta by microorganisms and absorption of water, together with some minerals and other nutrients.
Large Intestine
43
large cecum
Horse
44
has two ceca; terminal opening is called cloaca
Chicken
45
enumerate the four-chambered heart
1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Left Atrium
4. Left Ventricle
46
_______, which are arteries taking blood from the heart, veins bringing blood back to the heart, and capillaries bringing nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells, removing wastes from the cells, and connecting arteries and veins
Blood Vessels
47
made up of plasma, which is the watery component containing minerals, nutrients, and proteins such as antibodies and the clotting proteins, and the formed elements
Blood
48
it is responsible for transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Red Blood Cells
49
it is responsible for immune defense
White Blood Cells
50
enumerate the three types of muscle:
1. Skeletal or Striated Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
51
type of muscle that is under voluntary control and used for meat
Skeletal or Striated Muscle
52
type of muscle that are found around the intestines, uterus, and blood vessels, and are autonomic or involuntary control
Smooth Muscle
53
type of muscle that contract rythmically spontaneously but are synchronized to contract at the same time by the cardiac pacemaker or sinoatrial node
Cardiac Muscle
54
a framework of the body
Skeleton
55
there are two types of adipose tissue:
1. White adipose tissue
2. Brown adipose tissue
56
common adipose tissue
White adipose tissue
57
type of adipose tissue that is found at the time of birth and responsible for the production of heat
Brown adipose tissue
58
adipose tissue is found in three anatomic locations:
1. Subcutaneous
2. Intermuscular and Intramuscular
3. Abdominal
59
essential for many life processes, including motion of movement (voluntary and reflex)
Nervous System
60
examples of animals with "Ruminant (Complex stomach) Digestive System":
Cattle, Goat, Buffaloes, Camels, Sheep
61
enumerate the two Non-Ruminant Digestive System:
1. Monogastric Digestive System
2. Functional Cecum
62
simple-stomach, non-functional cecum
ex. dogs, cats, pigs, catfish
Monogastric Digestive System
63
non-ruminant herbivore
ex. horses, rabbits
Functional Cecum
64
examples of animal with "Avian Digestive System":
Chicken, Turkey, Duck
65
usually have short and simple GIT, feed mainly on meat and entrails of other species
Carnivores or flesh/ Meat eaters
66
feed entirely on plant materials which are not readily digestible
Herbivores or vegetarians/ Plant eaters
67
have GIT intermediate of those of carnivores and herbivores anatomically and efficiency in the utilization of fibrous plants parts
Omnivores or Flesh/ Meat eaters and Plant eaters
68
large proportion of their feeds consist of plant seeds or grains/ cereals. having energy contents
(birds)
Granivores or Grain Feeders
69
predominant site of microbi fermentation preceding the stomach (gastric pouch) and small intestine
Foregut (Pregastric) Fermenters
70
predominant site of microbial fermentation following the small intestine
Hindgut Fermenters
71
two type of microbes:
1. Fiber (forage) digesting bacteria
2. Starch (feed grain) digesting bacteria
72
bulbuos final holding area for
• the waste products of digestion
• eggs in the hen
• urine in the form of uric acid
Cloaca
73
opening of the cloaca
Vent
74
mammal urinary nitrogen
Urea
75
white materials in bird’s dropping are largely _______
Uric Acid
76
produced by the chief cells of the stomach mucosa and activatef by gastric HCI to active enzyme pepsin
Pepsinogen
77
produced by the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach mucosa
Hydrochloric Acid
78
enzyme secreted into the stomach in nursing mammals
Rennin
79
produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, contains bile salts
Bile - helps with digestion of lipids in the small intestine
80
2 segment of large intestine
1. Cecum
2. Colon
81
process of digestion:
1. Ingestion
2. Mastication
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Assimilation
6. Metabolism
82
factors of digestion:
1. Chemical Factors
2. Mechanical Factors
3. Microbiological Factors
4. Secretory Factors
83
digestion of other nutrients:
1. Minerals
2. Water
3. Vitamins
84
dissolved from foods in the HCI solution by the stomach released organic compound digested by various enzymes
Minerals
85
used within the body without conversion to simple compound
Vitamins
86
no digestion needed
Water
