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Anprod > Basic Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Animal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

eaten by farm animals

A

Feed

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2
Q

consumed by people and companion animals

A

Food

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3
Q

Gastrointestical Tract/GI Tract

A

Digestion and Absorption

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4
Q

what is eaten once it is in the GI Tract

A

Ingesta

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5
Q

what are the functions of the gut?

A
  1. Digest the food, first by mechanical grinding of the food and then breaking down complex chemical conpounds to simple and chemicals by enzymes.
  2. Absorb nutrients, including water.
  3. Protect against pathogenic organisms.
  4. Ferment the feed to provide the nutrients.
  5. Move ingesta through the GI Tract.
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6
Q

the breaking down or digestion of food in the absence of oxygen, mostly by microbes

A

Fermentation

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7
Q

coiled tube that extends from the lips (mouth to the anus)

A

Alimentary Tract (alimentary canal)

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8
Q

principal parts of alimentary canal

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
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9
Q

mechanical grinding of the feed in the mouth or chewing

A

Mastication

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10
Q

act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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11
Q

upper lip is the chief prehensile organ

A

Horse

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12
Q

tongue is the main prehensile organ

A

Cattle and Ox

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13
Q

incisors and tongue are the main prehensile organs

A

Goat

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14
Q

pointed lower lip, teeth, and tongue are the prehensile organs

A

Pig

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15
Q

pair of beaks (tuka) is the main prehensile organ

A

Chicken

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16
Q

contraction and relaxation of the muscle

A

Peristalsis

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17
Q

common passageway for air and feed

A

Pharynx

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18
Q

links the mouth with the stomach and, therefore, carries ingesta to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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19
Q

an outgrowth of the esophagus in many birds is called?

A

Crop

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20
Q

the sight of the muscular mixing (and grinding in some species) of the ingesta

A

Stomach

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21
Q

there is the addition of gastric secretions (or juices) containing ______ and ______.

A

Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen

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22
Q

the ruminant stomach: divided into 4 compartments:

A
  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
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23
Q

large muscular compartment of ruminant which fills the left side of the body cavity. it acts as storage, soaking, and physical mixing and breakdown

A

Rumen (pauch)

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24
Q

favorable conditions which are provided in the rumen:

A
  1. anaerobic environment
  2. constant warm temperature
  3. moisture
  4. constant food supply
  5. mixing
  6. removal of toxic end products
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25
Q

lies against the diaphram and liver, have fold that resemble a honey comb

A

Reticulum

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26
Q

gloved-shape compartment of ruminant that communicate with the abomasum through the omasoabomasal orifice

A

Omasum

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27
Q

similar to the true stomach of non-ruminant, true or gastric stomach

A

Abomasum

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28
Q

begins at the base of the esophagus, stimulated by sucklings, forms a tube which empties into the abomasum

A

Esophageal groove

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29
Q

proves of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth for additional breakdown

A

Rumination

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30
Q

4 phrases of rumination:

A
  1. Regurgitation
  2. Re-mastication
  3. Re-insalvation
  4. Re-swallowing
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31
Q

belching of gas

A

Eructation

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32
Q

two parts of avian stomach:

A
  1. Proventriculus - for storage
  2. Ventriculus (gizzard) - grinding food
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33
Q

in the parts of avian stomach, this is a muscular area that contains grit

A

Ventriculus (gizzard)

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34
Q

in the parts of avian stomach, it is a true stomach—production of pepsin and HCI

A

Proventriculus

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35
Q

it is 30% of the gut, and the site of carbohydrates, protein, and fat digestion and absorbtion of products, together with vitamins and minerals

A

Small intestine

36
Q

3 segment of small intestine:

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
37
Q

cleave the peptide bonds adjacent to basic amino acids

A

Trypsin

38
Q

cleave peptide bonds adjacent to uncharged amino acid

A

Chymotrypsin

39
Q

cleave the carboxyl-terminal peptide bonds

A

Carboxypeptidase

40
Q

cleave peptide bonds adjacent to small amino acid

A

Elastases

41
Q

digests fat (trigyceride) after has been emulsified by the addition of bile salts (in the bile produced by the liver)

A

Lipase

42
Q

there is fermentation of ingesta by microorganisms and absorption of water, together with some minerals and other nutrients.

A

Large Intestine

43
Q

large cecum

A

Horse

44
Q

has two ceca; terminal opening is called cloaca

A

Chicken

45
Q

enumerate the four-chambered heart

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
46
Q

_______, which are arteries taking blood from the heart, veins bringing blood back to the heart, and capillaries bringing nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells, removing wastes from the cells, and connecting arteries and veins

A

Blood Vessels

47
Q

made up of plasma, which is the watery component containing minerals, nutrients, and proteins such as antibodies and the clotting proteins, and the formed elements

A

Blood

48
Q

it is responsible for transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Red Blood Cells

49
Q

it is responsible for immune defense

A

White Blood Cells

50
Q

enumerate the three types of muscle:

A
  1. Skeletal or Striated Muscle
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Cardiac Muscle
51
Q

type of muscle that is under voluntary control and used for meat

A

Skeletal or Striated Muscle

52
Q

type of muscle that are found around the intestines, uterus, and blood vessels, and are autonomic or involuntary control

A

Smooth Muscle

53
Q

type of muscle that contract rythmically spontaneously but are synchronized to contract at the same time by the cardiac pacemaker or sinoatrial node

A

Cardiac Muscle

54
Q

a framework of the body

A

Skeleton

55
Q

there are two types of adipose tissue:

A
  1. White adipose tissue
  2. Brown adipose tissue
56
Q

common adipose tissue

A

White adipose tissue

57
Q

type of adipose tissue that is found at the time of birth and responsible for the production of heat

A

Brown adipose tissue

58
Q

adipose tissue is found in three anatomic locations:

A
  1. Subcutaneous
  2. Intermuscular and Intramuscular
  3. Abdominal
59
Q

essential for many life processes, including motion of movement (voluntary and reflex)

A

Nervous System

60
Q

examples of animals with “Ruminant (Complex stomach) Digestive System”:

A

Cattle, Goat, Buffaloes, Camels, Sheep

61
Q

enumerate the two Non-Ruminant Digestive System:

A
  1. Monogastric Digestive System
  2. Functional Cecum
62
Q

simple-stomach, non-functional cecum
ex. dogs, cats, pigs, catfish

A

Monogastric Digestive System

63
Q

non-ruminant herbivore
ex. horses, rabbits

A

Functional Cecum

64
Q

examples of animal with “Avian Digestive System”:

A

Chicken, Turkey, Duck

65
Q

usually have short and simple GIT, feed mainly on meat and entrails of other species

A

Carnivores or flesh/ Meat eaters

66
Q

feed entirely on plant materials which are not readily digestible

A

Herbivores or vegetarians/ Plant eaters

67
Q

have GIT intermediate of those of carnivores and herbivores anatomically and efficiency in the utilization of fibrous plants parts

A

Omnivores or Flesh/ Meat eaters and Plant eaters

68
Q

large proportion of their feeds consist of plant seeds or grains/ cereals. having energy contents
(birds)

A

Granivores or Grain Feeders

69
Q

predominant site of microbi fermentation preceding the stomach (gastric pouch) and small intestine

A

Foregut (Pregastric) Fermenters

70
Q

predominant site of microbial fermentation following the small intestine

A

Hindgut Fermenters

71
Q

two type of microbes:

A
  1. Fiber (forage) digesting bacteria
  2. Starch (feed grain) digesting bacteria
72
Q

bulbuos final holding area for
• the waste products of digestion
• eggs in the hen
• urine in the form of uric acid

A

Cloaca

73
Q

opening of the cloaca

A

Vent

74
Q

mammal urinary nitrogen

A

Urea

75
Q

white materials in bird’s dropping are largely _______

A

Uric Acid

76
Q

produced by the chief cells of the stomach mucosa and activatef by gastric HCI to active enzyme pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

77
Q

produced by the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach mucosa

A

Hydrochloric Acid

78
Q

enzyme secreted into the stomach in nursing mammals

A

Rennin

79
Q

produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, contains bile salts

A

Bile - helps with digestion of lipids in the small intestine

80
Q

2 segment of large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
81
Q

process of digestion:

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mastication
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Assimilation
  6. Metabolism
82
Q

factors of digestion:

A
  1. Chemical Factors
  2. Mechanical Factors
  3. Microbiological Factors
  4. Secretory Factors
83
Q

digestion of other nutrients:

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Water
  3. Vitamins
84
Q

dissolved from foods in the HCI solution by the stomach released organic compound digested by various enzymes

A

Minerals

85
Q

used within the body without conversion to simple compound

A

Vitamins

86
Q

no digestion needed

A

Water

Anprod (9 decks)

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