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NASM CPT Material > Basic And Applied Sciences > Flashcards

Basic And Applied Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe sensory function as it pertains to the nervous system.

A

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

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2
Q

Describe the integrative function as it pertains to the nervous system.

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces the appropriate response.

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3
Q

Describe motor function as it pertains to the nervous system.

A

The neuromuscular response to sensory information.

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4
Q

Define motor (efferent) neuron relationship

A

Brain and/or spinal cord –> Muscles or organs

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5
Q

Define sensory (afferent) neuron relationship

A

Muscles or organs –> Brain and/or spinal cord

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6
Q

Define interneuron relationship

A

Neuron –> Neuron

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7
Q

Responsibilities of the Nervous System include: (2 of 3)

A
  1. Muscle recruitment
  2. Learned patterns of movements
  3. Functioning of organs in the body
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8
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Ability to sense body position and limb movement.

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9
Q

Training proprioceptive abilities improves:

A
  1. Balance
  2. Coordination
  3. Posture
  4. Ability to adapt
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10
Q

Define the role of the neuron and name its 3 main parts.

A

Provide the nervous system with the ability to communicate internally and externally. 3 main components are the cell body, axon, and dendrites.

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11
Q

Central nervous system consists mainly of two components and serves to interpret information. What are those components?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of:

A

12 cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
sensory receptors

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13
Q

Describe functions of peripheral nervous system.

A
  1. Connection for nervous system to activate different effector sites.
  2. Relay information from effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors
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14
Q

Sensory receptors are broken into four categories/functions. Define them.

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces.
  2. Nociceptors respond to pain.
  3. Chemoreceptors respond chemical interaction (smell/taste).
  4. Photoreceptors respond to light (vision).
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15
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures responsible for sensing distortion in tissues. Some examples of mechanoreceptors include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors.

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16
Q

Describe muscle spindles

A
  • Muscle tissues’ major sensory organs that run parallel to muscle fibers.
  • Sensitive to change in length and rate of length change.
  • When excited, the muscle spindle will cause the muscle to contract to prevent the muscle from stretching too far or too fast.
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17
Q

Describe the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A
  • Located where the muscle/tendon meet.
  • Sensitive to changes in tension and rate of tension change.
  • When excited, the GTO will cause the muscle to relax in order to prevent the muscle from being placed under excessive stress.
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18
Q

Name the three components of the axial skeleton and approximate how many bones are included.

A

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the rib cage, and vertebral column. It contains approx. 80 bones.

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19
Q

Name the 4 components of the appendicular skeleton and approximate how many bones it contains.

A

Consists of the upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. The appendicular skeleton contains approx. 126 bones.

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20
Q

What 3 factors determine which of the 5 major bone types a given bone fits in to?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Size
  3. Proportion to Bone Tissue
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21
Q

What are the 5 categories of bones?

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
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22
Q

Joint motion is referred to as __________________ and can be broken down into 3 types of motion: ______, ______, and ______.

A

arthrokinematics.

Roll, slide, spin.

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23
Q

Provide example of each of the following bone types:

  • Flat
  • Long
  • Short
  • Sesamoid
  • Irregular
A 
Flat: Scapula in the shoulder
Long: Femur
Short: Carpals of the hand
Sesamoid: Patella of the knee
Irregular: Vertebrae of the spine
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24
Q

State the difference between synovial and non-synovial joints

A

Non-synovial joints (i.e. those in the cranial plates) are typically static and filled with strong, fibrous, skeletal tissue, while synovial joints are more common, typically dynamic, and lubricated by collagen.

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25
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Pivot
  2. Saddle
  3. Gliding
  4. Condyloid
  5. Hinge
  6. Ball-in-socket
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26
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle.

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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27
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle.

A

Outer Layer (The actual muscle itself)
-Fascia: Outside connective tissue wrap
-Epimysium: Protective coating between fascia and middle layer
Middle Layer
-Fascicle (Fasciculus): Inner bundles of muscle fibers
-Perimysium: Wrap around each fascicle
Inner Layer
-Muscle fibers: many individual fibers
-Endomysium: Connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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28
Q

Describe the construction of an individual muscle fiber.

A

Outer-most layer: Sarcolemma (a plasma membrane)

  • Filled with sarcoplasm, which contains:
  • -Glycogen
  • -Fats
  • -Minerals
  • -Oxygen-binding myoglobin
  • -Nuclei
  • -Mitochondria
  • -Myofibrils
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29
Q

Describe the structure of myofibrils.

A

Myofibrils are made up of sections called sarcomeres

  • Sarcomeres stretch between two Z lines
  • -Between each Z line are interlaced filaments
  • –Thick filaments are called Myosin filaments
  • –Thin filaments are called Actin filaments
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30
Q

Describe the importance of Tropomyosin.

A

Keeps myosin from attaching to actin when muscle is relaxed.

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31
Q

Describe the importance of troponin.

A

Provides binding sites for calcium and tropomyosin when muscle needs to contract.

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32
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the nueromuscular system?

A

Acetylcholine

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33
Q

Describe Type 1 Muscle

A
  • Often called slow-twitch muscle
  • Increased oxygen delivery
  • Smaller in size
  • Produce less force
  • Slow to fatigue
  • Long-term contraction (stabilization)
34
Q

Describe Type 2 Muscle

A
  • Often called fast-twitch muscle
  • Decreased oxygen delivery
  • Larger in size
  • Produce more force
  • Quick to fatigue
  • Short-term contractions (power)
35
Q

True or False: All muscles are combinations of slow and fast twitch muscle fibers.

A

True

36
Q

Name the 4 possible sub-categories of muscle function in regard to movement.

A
  1. Agonist
  2. Synergist
  3. Stabilizer
  4. Antagonist
37
Q

Define agonist.

A

Muscles that act as prime movers.

38
Q

Define synergist.

A

Assist prime movers during movement.

39
Q

Define stabilizers.

A

Supports the body while the prime movers and synergists perform the movement patterns.

40
Q

Define antagonist.

A

Performs the opposite action of the prime movers.

41
Q

Name the endocrine glands.

A
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Testes
  • Ovary
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • Pineal Gland
42
Q

The pituitary produces what?

A

Growth hormone

43
Q

The pancreas produces what?

A

Insulin

****

44
Q

Adrenal glands produce what?

A

Epinephrine

45
Q

The hypothalamus produces what?

A

Somatostatin

46
Q

Name the hormone responsible for maintaining an energy supply under times of stress.

A

Cortisol

47
Q

Name the hormones responsible for stimulating the “fight or flight” response.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

48
Q

Name the gland responsible for regulating satiety.

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Name the gland responsible for maintaining a steady glucose level in the blood.

A

Pancreas

50
Q

Name the hormone that plays a fundemental role in growth and repair of tissue.

A

Testosterone

51
Q

_______ is primarily an anabolic hormone that is responsible for most of the growth and development during childhood.

A

Growth Hormone

52
Q

Acts as the pacemaker for the heart.

A

Sinoatrial node

53
Q

Transports blood bak to the heart.

A

Veins

54
Q

Gathers deoxygenated blood.

A

Right atrium

55
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with a contration

56
Q

Name the largest blood vessel in the body.

A

Aorta

57
Q

Heart component that receives oxygenated blood

A

Left ventricle

58
Q

Which feature differentiates cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle?

A

Intercalated discs

59
Q

________________ is composed of skeletal strutures and tissues that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.

A

The respiratory pump

60
Q

Designate the primary respiratory muscle.

A

Diaphragm

61
Q

Define expiration

A

Active or passive relaxation of specific muscles to get air out of the body.

62
Q

The action by which oxygen gets to the tissues of the body from the outside air

A

Diffusion

63
Q

Define respiratory pump

A

Bones and muscles that work together that allow proper breathing to occur.

64
Q

The active contraction of specific breathing muscles to move air into the body.

A

Inspiration

65
Q

The lungs and respiratory passageways are known as ___________________.

A

The respiratory or pulmonary system.

66
Q

During heavy or forced breathing, inspiratory ventilation relies on the activity of which secondary respiratory muscles?

A

Scalenes and Pectoralis Minor

67
Q

Of the following, which option(s) are part of the respiratory airways?

  • Trachea
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Larynx
A

Alveoli

68
Q

Provides oxygen to the body while removing waste products.

A

Cardiorespiratory system

69
Q

The best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.

A

VO2max

70
Q

____________________ can lead to inadequate oxygen and retention of metabolic waste that creates fatigued muscles.

A

Abnormal breathing patterns

71
Q

One example of a submaximal exercise test used to predict maximal oxygen consumption.

A

Step test

72
Q

1 MET=

A

Resting oxygen consumption

73
Q

Fick Equation=

A

(cardio output)(arterial-venous difference)

74
Q

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

A

Substrates

75
Q

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include startches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

76
Q

Define fat.

A

1 of the 3 main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. In food, there are two types: saturated and unsaturated.

77
Q

Define tryglycerides.

A

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

78
Q

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

A

Proteins

79
Q

Define gluconeogenesis.

A

The formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

80
Q

Which substrate rarely supplies much energy during exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a signifigant fuel for energy metabolism?

A

Proteins

81
Q

The primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates is the formation of _____________.

A

Glucose

82
Q

What do ATP and ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate

NASM CPT Material (8 decks)

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