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Anatomy - Review > Basic Anatomy - Upper Extremities > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy - Upper Extremities Flashcards

0
Q

Two divisions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Axial skeleton

2. Appendicular skeleton

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1
Q

In anatomic position, both arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing what?

A

Anteriorly

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2
Q

Two basic types of bones

A

A. Compact bones

B. spongy bones

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3
Q

Type of bone with shaft (heads at both ends); typically longer

A

Long bones

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4
Q

Type of bone mostly spongy and cube-shaped

A

Short-bone

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5
Q

Part of long bone, composed of compact bone

A

Diaphysis - shaft

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6
Q

Junction between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

Metaphysis (epiphysis refers to the ends of the bones, composed mostly of spongy bones)

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7
Q

Articular cartilage, which covers the external surface of the epiphysis is covered with what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage -helps decreases friction at the joint surface

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8
Q

Medullary cavity in adults contains what type of marrow?

A

Yellow marrow - mostly fat

Red marrow - in infants for blood cell formation

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9
Q

Refer to Indirect bone formation

A

Intracartilagenous/endochondrial - mesynchem to cartilage to bone formation (all bones were indirect except for the flatbones of the skull)

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12
Q

Clavicle is considered part of axial or appendicular skeleton?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

Zone of osteogenesis: mature chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy, contain vacoules and accumulate glycogen

A

Zone of Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Five zones of osteogenesis

A 
Resting Zone
Zone of Proliferation
Zone of Hypertrophy
Zone of Calcification
Zone of Ossification
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16
Q

Functional classification of Joints - mobility

A

A. Synarthroses - immovable joints
B. Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
C. Diarthroses - freely moveable joints

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17
Q

Structural classification of joints - connecting medium

A

A. Fibrous joints - generally immovable
B. Cartilaginous joints - immovable/slightly moveable
C. Synovial joints - freely moveable

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18
Q

Example of fibrous joints;allows more movement than Sutures

A

Syndesmoses

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19
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints were connected by what cartilage type?

A

Hyaline cartilage - unlike secondary cartilaginous joints connected by fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Synovial joint type: Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular

A

Plane joint

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21
Q

Synovial joint type: elbow, knee and ankle

A

Hinge/Ginglymus

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22
Q

Synovial joint type: shoulder and hip

A

Ball and socket / ENARTHROSIS

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23
Q

Refer to direct bone formation

A

Intramembranous - from mesynchem to bone formation

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24
Q

Synovial joint type: atlantoaxial/radioulnar

A

Pivot joint / trochoid

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25
Q

Anterior border of the axilla

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius

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26
Q

Synovial joint type: carpometacarpal of thumb

A

Saddle joint

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27
Q

Which is not part of the posterior border of the axilla?

Serratus anterior muscle, subscapular, latissimus dorsi, Teres major

A

Serratus anterior muscle - part of the medial border

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29
Q

Brachial plexus nerve block: position verified by feeling the pulsation of the 3rd part of what artery?

A

AXILLARY artery

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30
Q

Weakest part of the axilla which is more prone to dislocation

A

Inferior part

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31
Q

Rotator cuff muscles?

A 
SITS
A. Supraspinatus
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres minor
D. Subscapularis
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32
Q

Suprascapular nerve ligated, what part of the shoulder muscle/s will be affected?

A

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus - supplied by Suprascapular nerve
Teres minor/Deltoid/Teres major - supplied by axillary nerve
Subscapularis - by upper subscapular

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33
Q

Function as rotators for the shoulder muscle

A

Infraspinatus - lateral rotator
Teres minor - lateral rotator
Subscapularis - medial rotator
Deltoid/Teres major - medial rotator

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34
Q

Mc affected tendon of the shoulder muscle:

A

Supraspinatous muscle - pain anterior, superior to the shoulder joint during abduction

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35
Q

Brachial plexus: the three trunks form into six divisions at what particular landmark?

A

Clavicle

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37
Q

two contents of the quadrangular space?

A

Axillary nerve - circumflex nerve

Posterior circumflex humeral vessels

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38
Q

Circumflex scapular vessels enter the TRIANGULAR SPACE bounded by what muscles?

A

Teres major - above
Teres minor - below
Long head of Triceps - laterally

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39
Q

A. Main flexor of the forearm?

B. Flexes and main supinator of forearm?

A

A. Brachialis

B. Biceps brachii

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40
Q

Part of the humerus: attached to common flexor tendon, common origin of forearm flexor muscles

A

Medial epicondyle - origin of Pronator teres, FCR, FCU, FDS and Palmaris longus

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41
Q

Golfer’s elbow: repetitive flexion and pronation of the forearm at the elbow is the inflammation of what?

A

Common flexor tendon - medial epicondyle

a.k.a Medial Epicondylitis

42
Q

Synovial joint type: metacarpophalangeal / KNUCKLE

A

Condyloid joints

43
Q

Skulls, ribs, and sternum are what type of bone based on shape?

A

Flat bones - usually curved, thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

44
Q

Brachial plexus: in the neck, 5 rami/roots originate from what vertebral columns?

45
Q

Tendon: attached extensor muscles of the forearm with the lateral epicondyle of humerus

A

Common extensor tendon - origin if Anconeus, Supinator, ECRB, ED, EDM, ECU

46
Q

Condition result due to forced extension and flexion of the forearm at the elbow

A

Lateral Epicondylitis / Tennis Elbow - inflammation of the common extensor tendon - lateral epicondyle

47
Q

All are contents of the cubital fossa except:

Median nerve, ulnar nerve, brachial artery, biceps brachii tendon, radial nerve

A

Ulnar nerve is not found in the cubital fossa

48
Q

THENAR muscles supplied by the Median Nerve except:

Adductor pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis

A

Adductor pollicis - it is innervated by Ulnar nerve

49
Q

innervated by ANTERIOR division fibers except:

Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, Median

A

Axillary together with Radial nerve contains Posterior Division Fibers

50
Q

Tendon reflex at C5-C7 that results to supination of the radioulnar joints

A

Brachioradialis tendon reflexes

51
Q

Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi and Opponens digiti minimi are collectively called ____ muscles; supplied by the Ulnar nerve

A

Hypothenar muscles

52
Q

From C5 to C7 that innervates the Serratus Anterior

A

Long thoracic Nerve

53
Q

If Ulnar nerve: C8-T1 then Axillary nerve is?

A

Axillary (C5 and C6) - Deltoid, Teres minor

54
Q

From C5 - T1 which innervates the extensor compartment of arm and forearm

A

Radial nerve

55
Q

If tapping Triceps tendon (C6-C8) results to extension of the elbow joint then tapping the biceps tendon results to what?

A

Biceps brachii tendon reflex - C5-C6, flexion of the elbow

56
Q

Triceps brachii is the main extensor of the forearm. What nerve is located in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

57
Q

Upper brachial injury, lesion at the C5-C6 ventral rami, proximal musculature of the upper limb is affected. “waiter’s tip” position

A

Erb-Duchenne’s Syndrome - due to fall on the shoulder or during difficult delivery

58
Q

Weakness on the intrinsic muscles of the hands, combination of ape hand and claw hand. Results from compression of the C8-T1

A

Klumpke’s paralysis

59
Q

Lesion results to protraction of the scapula, “winged scapula” after a radical mastectomy

A

Long Thoracic Nerve Lesion - commonly injured while coursing the serratus anterior

60
Q

Lesion affecting the latissimus dorsi results to have difficulty in elevating the trunks and difficulty using a crutch

A

Thoracodorsal nerve lesion

61
Q

Accident results to fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. Patient experience altered sensation in the skin covering the deltoid and weakness in lateral rotation

A

Axillary nerve lesion - other shoulder usually became atrophic

62
Q

Radial nerve lesion results to a wristdrop weakness, inability to extend the hand at the wrist and loss of extension at the MP joints of all digits.
Common cause?

A

Spiral fracture of the MIDSHAFT of humerus

63
Q

Classic feature of a median nerve, proximal lesion usually due to supracondylar fracture of the humerus

A

Hand of Benediction - index and middle fingers remain extended when attempting to flex in making a fist

64
Q

A median nerve, distal lesion due to LUNATE dislocation. Patient experienced numbness and pain over the palmar aspects of the thumb, index finger and middle fingers. Classic presentation? Associated syndrome?

A

APE hand - weakness in opposition of thumb

carpal tunnel syndrome

65
Q

Claw hand, is a classic presentation for Ulnar, distal nerve lesion. Usually results from a fracture of what specific structure?

A

Fracture of hook of HAMATE

66
Q

Axillary artery is a continuation of the __ artery

A

Subclavian artery - tendon of the Pectoralis minor divides it into three parts

67
Q

Thoracoacromial artery belongs to the __ part of the Axillary artery

A

Second part together with Lateral thoracic

68
Q

It is the highest thoracic artery of the Axillary artery

A

Superior thoracic artery - supplies the first two intercostal spaces

69
Q

3rd part of the Axillary artery composed of what artery branches?

A
  1. Subscapular artery
  2. Anterior circumflex humeral
  3. Posterior circumflex humeral
70
Q

First bone to begin ossification during fetal development

A

Clavicle - and last one to complete ossification at about age 21

71
Q

Fall on the shoulder or outstretched hand results to medial segment elevated by the pull of SCM and lateral segment displaced downward by gravity and Deltoid results to what injury?

A

Brachial injury/Lower trunk

72
Q

Humeral fracture: axillary nerve affected, posterior circumflex artery maybe lacerated

A

SURGICAL neck

73
Q

Carpals: located proximally except:

Scaphoid/lunate/trapezium/triquetral

A

Trapezium is part of the distal row

74
Q

How many Palmar and Dorsal interossei per hand and their functions?

A

Palmar interossei - 3 ADDUCT fingers

Dorsal interossei - 4 ABDUCT fingers

75
Q

Humeral fracture: radial nerve affected and Profunda brachial artery lacerated

A

Midshaft/spiral fracture

76
Q

Results to ring finger draws into palm the little finger, flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint

A

Dupuytren’s contracture - localized thickening and contracture of the palmar aponeurosis

77
Q

Humeral fracture: median nerve affected, contractions of triceps and brachialis may shorten the arm

A

Supracondylar fracture

78
Q

Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, thumb is forcefully abducted

A

Bennett’s fracture

79
Q

Synovial joint type: wrist

A

Ellipsoidal joint

80
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve that innervates the Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii and Brachialis came from what roots?

81
Q

Humeral fracture: ulnar nerve affected

A

Medial epicondyle

82
Q

Displacement of the lower end of radius anteriorly

A

Smith’s fracture - fragments ventrally placed

83
Q

Located inside the anatomical snuffbox

A

Radial artery
Styloid process of radius
Base of 1st metacarpal bone

84
Q

Fracture of the neck of the 4th and 5th metacarpals, distal segments displaced proximally, shortening of the finger psteriorly

A

Boxer’s fracture

85
Q

Dermatome: if inguinal is L1 then S5 would be?

86
Q

May cause carpal tunnel syndrome, it is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone, typically dislocated anteriorily

A

Lunate bone

87
Q

Dermatome: medial aspect of the hypothenar eminence

88
Q

Dermatome: small toe

89
Q

The lymphatic drainage of the body is divided into two lymphatic vessels

A
  1. Thoracic duct

2. Right lymphatic duct - right side of the head/neck, thorax, upper limb

90
Q

Thickening of the synovial sheaths of the flexor tendons or arthritic changes of the carpal bones

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome - burning pain, pin and needles along the distribution of the median nerve

91
Q

Dermatome: thumb

A

C6
C7 - index and middle finger
C8 - ring finger and small finger

93
Q

Deformity displacing the distal segment of the radius POSTERIORLY

A

Dinner/Silver fork deformity - COLLES fracture, fragment dorsally placed

95
Q

If T10 dermatome level is umbilicus the. T4-T5 would be?

99
Q

Our body has a total of how many bones?

109
Q

Important nerve of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Anatomy - Review (3 decks)

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