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Neuro Block 8 > Basal Nuclei: Movement And Disorders > Flashcards

Basal Nuclei: Movement And Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Where do voluntary movement signals originate

A

Cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Where are the voluntary movements that originate in the cortex fine tuned

A

They are fine tuned and made smooth and pieces by basal nuclei

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3
Q

What are the basal nuclei involved in

A
  • motor activities
  • sensorimotor integration and cognitive functions: learning and mastering of new , complex movements (dancing, skiing, swimming)
  • Affects (pleasure) which helps us “remember it”
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4
Q

Pyramidal

A

Pathway mediated by corticospinal neurons

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5
Q

Extrapyramidal

A

Basal nuclei, cerebellum, or descending brainstem pathways

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6
Q

The dorsal basal nuclei

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globes pallidus 
Subthalamic nucleus 
Substantial nigra
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7
Q

What is considered to be the striatum of the dorsal basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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8
Q

What is considered to be the lenticular nucleus of the dorsal basal nuclei

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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9
Q

What separates the dorsal and ventral basal nuclei

A

Anterior commisure

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10
Q

What are the ventral basal nuclei involved with

A

Emotional cortex, pleasure for successful movements

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11
Q

What are the components of the ventral basal nuclei

A
  • nucleus accumbens: a continuation of the lenticular nucleus
  • substantia innominata: a continuation of the pallidum
  • nucleus basalis of Meynert
  • olfactory tubercle
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12
Q

What is the ventral region of the basal nuclei involved with

A

Potions of the amygdala and ventral tegmental area

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13
Q

What does the neostriatum (striatum) consist of

A

The caudate nucleus

The putamen

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14
Q

What is the putamen functionally tightly connected with

A

The caudate nucleus

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15
Q

What is the caudate nucleus and the putamen separated by

A

The internal capsule

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16
Q

What is the ventral striatum composed of

A

Nucleus accumbens

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17
Q

What is the pallidal complex composed of

A

Globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum

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18
Q

Anatomy of the globus pallidus

A

Has a medial and lateral part divided by medullary lamina

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19
Q

Anatomy of the ventral pallidum

A

Synonymous with the substantia innominata

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20
Q

The main input TO the pallidum

A

Is from the striatal complex (putamen)

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21
Q

The main output FROM the pallidum is

A

To the thalamus

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22
Q

How do the pallidothalamic fibers exit the globus pallidus

A

As two bundles: the ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus

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23
Q

What are the two divisions of the substantia nigra

A
  • a cell dense portion called the paras compacta

- reticulated portion called the pars reticulata

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24
Q

Major afferents to the nigra complex

A

Striatal (putamen)

Pallidal complexes

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25
Q

What does the substantia nigra do

A

Helps other basal nuclei work in concert

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26
Q

Substantia nigra-pars compacta

A

Contains melanin containing neurons, whose dark color gives the name “black substance”

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27
Q

Neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

A

Use dopamine and project primarily to the neostriatum (putamen and caudate nucleus) as nigostriatal fibers

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28
Q

What kind of NT does substantia nigra use

A

Dopamine

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29
Q

Function of the dopamine released form the substantia nigra

A

May excite or inhibit striatal neurons depending on the type of receptor on the postysynaptic membrane

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30
Q

What is the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra formed by

A

Loose aggregations of GABAergic neurons that are indistinguishable from those of the medial pallidum

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31
Q

Neurons of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra

A

Have axons with an extensive system of collaterals; consequently they may project to inhibit one or mroe target structure (neostriatum or thalamus)

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32
Q

What part of the substantia nigra have a high rate of discharge and tonically inhibit their targets

A

Pars reticulata

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33
Q

Lens shaped cell group that makes up the largest part of the ventral thalamus

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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34
Q

How does the subthalamic nucleus sit in comparison to the substantia nigra

A

It is rostral to the substantia nigra

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35
Q

What does the subthalamic nucleus receive projections from

A
  • the lateral pallidal division
  • cerebral cortex
  • nigral complex
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36
Q

What connections are an essential part of the indirect pathway underlying basal nuclear function

A

The subthalamic nucleus projecting to both pallidal divisions and to the substantia nigra

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37
Q

Formed from the axons of the neurons in the globus pallidus internal (GPi) and go to the thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis

Lenticular fasciculus

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38
Q

What are the main bridges from the pallidus to the thalamus

A

Ansa lenticularis

Lenticular fasciculus

39
Q

Fibers of the ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus join together to form the _________ which enters the thalamus

A

Thalamic fasciculus

40
Q

What do the fibers of the thalamic fasciculus terminate in

A

The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

41
Q

The _______ is a principal efferent nucleus of the basal nuclei

A

Medial division of the pallidal complex

42
Q

The _______ carries fibers of the indirect pathway from the external segment of the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus and from the subthalamic nucleus to the internal segment of the globus pallidus

A

Subthalamic fasciculus

43
Q

Blood supply to the basal nuclei

A

The blood supply of the striatum and globus pallidus is mainly from the lenticulostriate branches of the MCA

There are some possible variations

  • medial GP is often supplied by the anterior choroidal artery
  • the caudate head and anterior portions of the lentiform nucleus are often supplied by the recurrence artery of Heubner
44
Q

What is the gerenalized pathway of the basal nuclei

A

Cortex-putamen-GPe + GPi-thalamus-cortex

45
Q

What does the basal nuclei loop constant do

A

Monitors movements surrender happening. They are multiple and parallel. Function simultaneously for multiple movements at same time

46
Q

D1 receptors

A

Dopamine receptor type 1

-activates the neuron if expressed

47
Q

D2 receptors

A

Dopamine type II receptors

-deactivates the neuron if expressed

48
Q

Information flow through the basal nuclei is separated into _______ distinct ______ circuits

A

Multiple and parallel

49
Q

Where do the basal nuclei circuits originate from

A

Functionally distinct regions of the cerebral cortex, pass through distinct regions of each basal nuclear component, affect different areas of the thalamus, and return to functionally distinct cortical regions

50
Q

All the basal nuclei circuits can be divided into _____ and ______ pathways that have OPPOSING actions on the activity of motor nuclei of the thalamus and thalamocortical projections

A

Direct and indirect

51
Q

What pathway facilitates thalamic activity

A

Direct pathways

52
Q

What pathways inhibits the flow for thalamic activity

A

Indirect pathway

53
Q

What do the direct and indirect pathways create

A

A balance in the inhibitory outflow of the basal nuclei

54
Q

What NT has a major role in both direct and indirect pathways

A

Dopamine

55
Q

The main input to the basal nuclei comes from the _______ to the striatum

A

Cerebral cortex

56
Q

The ________ is the most important input nucleus of the striatum for motor control pathways

A

Putamen

57
Q

Most cortical inputs to the striatum are excitatory and use _________ as the NT

A

Glutamate

58
Q

The main outputs from the basal nuclei are from the

A

Internal segment of the globus pallidus

59
Q

Output pathways of the internal segment of the globus pallidus

A

Inhibitory and use the NT GABA

60
Q

What are the main output pathways of the internal globus pallidus to

A

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus via the thalamic fasciculus

61
Q

Motor loop (direct pathway) at rest

A

Neurons of the internal segment of the globus pallidus and of the substantia nigra pars reticulata that project to the thalamus have high rates of spontaneous activity and tonically inhibit the thalamic neurons

62
Q

What tonically inhibits the thalamic neurons

A

Neurons of the internal segment of the globus pallidus and of the substantia nigra pars reticulata

63
Q

During the motor loop (direct pathway) when there is cortical activity and voluntary movement is intended

A

The Cortex sends as an excitatory, glutamatergic signal to the putamen

64
Q

What activated the putamen in the direct pathway?

A

Cortex

65
Q

What do signals from the putamen do

A

Inhibit neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus and in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (GABA)

66
Q

When the putamen is activated, what does it in turn do in the direct pathway

A

Deactivates Gpi and substantia nigra

67
Q

In the direct pathway, when the putamen deactivates the Gpi and the substantia nigra what happens

A

This stops the inhibitory inputs to thalamocortical neurons and the thalamus is disinhibition, net effect is excitation of the cerebral cortex

68
Q

What is the net effect of the direct pathway

A

Excitation of the cerebral cortex

69
Q

Which pathway is inhibitory, direct or indirect

A

Indirect

70
Q

The indirect pathway at rest

A

The pallido-subthalamic fibers (GABA) have high spontaneous firing rates and tonically inhibit subthalamic neurons

71
Q

In the indirect pathway what happens when the pallido-subthalamic,ic fibers get inhibited

A

It is done by the neostriatum that releases the subthalamic cells from their tonically inhibited state.

72
Q

What do the striatopallidal neurons involved in the indirect pathway contain

A

GABA and enkephalin

73
Q

In the indirect pathway, what do the subthalamic neurons do

A

They have spontaneous activity that activates the internal globus pallidum

74
Q

In the indirect pathway, what does the activation of the internal globus pallidum by the subthalamic neurons do

A

Increases the firing rate of glutamatergic subthalamopallidal fibers to the medial pallidal segment

75
Q

In the indirect pathway, what does increasing the firing rate of glutamatergic subthaalmopallidal fibers to the medial pallidal segment do

A

The firing rate of the inhibitory pallidothalamic fiber is increased, with a resultant decrease in the activity of thalamocortical neurons

76
Q

What is the net effect of the indirect pathway

A

To decrease activity of the thalamus and consequently to decrease activity of the cerebral cortex

77
Q

Where does the motor loop originate

A

In the supplementary motor, primary motor, and promoter cortices

78
Q

Where do the corticostriatal projections in the motor loop terminate in

A

Putamen

79
Q

In the motor loop, where do efferent from the putamen go

A

Terminate in the internal segment of the GPi and substantia nigra pars reticulata

80
Q

In the motor loop, where does the GPi project to

A

The ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. These areas project back to the supplementary, premotor, and motor cortices

81
Q

What does the basal nuclear pathway for the motor loop affect

A

Both cortical motor and brainstem motor centers

82
Q

What sends signals to the putamen during movements to determine whether or not to inhibit or excite

A

Substantia nigra

-can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the type if the receptors for dopamine

83
Q

This receives most of the inputs form the motor and somatosensory areas of cortex and projects by way of the globus pallidus and thalamus to the motor, premotor, and supplementary motor areas. Thus it is involved in the motor functions of the basal ganglia

A

Putamen

84
Q

What is involved in the motor functions of the basal ganglia

A

Putamen

85
Q

This receives most of tis inputs form association areas of cortex and projects by way of GPi-SNr and the thalamus mostly to prefrontal areas. Thus it is involved more predominantly in cognitive functions and less directly movements

A

Caudate nucleus

86
Q

What basal ganglia is more involved with cognitive functions and less directly in movement

A

Caudate nucleus

87
Q

This indicate its probable role in the initiation of drive-related behaviors

A

The limb ic connections of the ventral striatum

88
Q

This allows us to learn new complex movements

A

Caudate nucleus

89
Q

What basal ganglia is most involved with the executive loop

A

Caudate nucleus

90
Q

What are executive functions

A

Cognitive mechanisms that allow the individual to optimize function when multiple tasks need to be performed at the same time

91
Q

What basal ganglia is not really involved in the executive loop

A

Putamen

92
Q

What is the pathway of the executive loop

A

Prefrontal cortex–caudate nucleus—GPi, SNr–VA/MD

93
Q

Motivational loop

A
  • pleasure helps remember movement
  • this loop includes lateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • these project to the caudate nucleus and the ventral striatum (VS)
  • then to the GPi, nucleus accumbens, and others
  • then to VA, DM of the thalamus
94
Q

Visuomotor loop

A

Similar to cognitive loop

-FEF–Caudate nucleus—GPi+SNr–VA/MD—FEF

Neuro Block 8 (11 decks)

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