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Neuro Block 8 > Amygdal And PTSD > Flashcards

Amygdal And PTSD Flashcards

1
Q

Range of behavioral disturbances with complete amygdala damage such as placidity, loss of behavioral inhibition, hyperplasia, reduced/absent fear of new environments

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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2
Q

What connects amygdala with septal nuclei and bed nuclei of stria terminalis (BNST)

A

Strai terminalis

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3
Q

What are the 3 major subdivisions of the amygdala

A
  1. Cortical/medial subdivision
  2. Basolateral division
  3. Central divsion
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4
Q

Cortical/ medial subdivision of the amygdala

A
  • primary olfactory sensory region

- possible role in reproductive behavior

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5
Q

Basolateral divsion of the amygdala

A
  • receives sensory input from sensory cortex, including pain, viscerosenstion
  • receives input from hippocampus
  • involved in anxiety/fear and associative learning
  • reciprocally connected with orbitofrontal cortex: behavioral regulation
  • projects to central divsion
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6
Q

Central division of amygdala

A
  • receives input from basolateral divsion
  • regulates anxiety/fear, freeing or flight behavior, autonomic and glucocorticoid responses to stressful stimuli, via projections to septum, BNST, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord
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7
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome: signs related to loss of interaction with orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • extremely placid/docile

- loss of behavioral inhibition

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8
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome: signs related to loss of interaction with hypothalamus

A

Hyperphagia

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9
Q

Oliver-bucy syndrome: signs related to loss of interaction with cortex and hippocampus

A

Reduced/absent fear of new place

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10
Q

Normal emotional functions of the amygdala

A

Activity correlates with subjective level of anxiety/fear, strongly influenced by brainstem norepi projections to amygdala

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11
Q

Sensory role of amygdala

A

Activated by stimuli that are novel or emotionally significant in a positive or negative way

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12
Q

Memory and amygdala

A

Enhances memory for highly positive or negative stimuli/events

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13
Q

Associateive learning and amygdala

A

Simple stimulus-response behaviors triggered by emotional neural stimuli after then beceom predictive of rewards or danger

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14
Q

What kind of response to stress does amygdala drive

A

Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal responses

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15
Q

What are the normal functions of the amygdala regulated by

A

Interactions between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Hallmark symptoms of PTSD

A
  • more intense/frequent anxiety
  • hyper vigilance
  • insomnia/nightmares/flashbacks
  • triggers
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17
Q

Secondary symptoms of PTSD

A
  • avoidance
  • volatile emotional reactions
  • difficulty concentrating
  • longer than 1 month of symptoms
  • disruption of life from symptoms
18
Q

What causes the post PTSD in men

A

Rape
Combat
Molestation

19
Q

What causes the most PTSD in women

A

Rape
Threat with weapon
Molestation

20
Q

What is elevated amygdala activity related to

A

Elevated anxiety-related symptoms

21
Q

What causes excessive amygdala activation

A

Emotionally negative stimuli

22
Q

What drug shows elevated amygdala activity and fear response

A

After injection of yohimbine, a blocker of a pre synaptic norepinephrine auto-receptor

23
Q

What does yohimbine trigger

A

Re-experiencing in some PTSD subjects

24
Q

What do drugs of abuse that are often used by PTSD patients known to do

A

Dampen norepinephrine neurotransmission

25
Q

Other than heightened norepinephrine, what else is associated with PTSD

A

Sympathetic nervous system is also hyper-responsive and basal release of cortisol is reduced in PTSD

26
Q

First line RX for PTSD

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-boosting reward/safety neurocircuitry
-usual application for SSRIs is depression

27
Q

2nd line Rx for PTSD

A

Other anti depressants other than SSRIs

28
Q

Clinical research on next generation of Rx for PTSD

A

-most promising so far is prazosin: alpha-1 norepinephrine receptor antagonist

29
Q

Psychological therapies for PTSD

A

Cognitive behavioral therapies

30
Q

What are triggers for PTSD

A

Something that causes them to have an episode. Can be similar scenario, or can be very different visual environments, but one common sensory feature with an inappropriate learned fear response

31
Q

Amygdala and circuitry mediating “fear learning”

A

During training phase, they give mouse 4 repetitions over 10 minutes of electrical shock with a sound coming before it. After some time, the mouse is conditioned to freeze just when hearing the sound

32
Q

Extinction of conditioned fear

A

-learning that the conditioned stimulus (cuts, CS) no longer predicts shocks

33
Q

Triggers in PTSD and “extinction”

A

They are failure of extinction of conditioned fear

34
Q

What all acts on the amygdala in the training phase

A
  • dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
  • hippocampus (contexts)
  • auditory pathways
  • pain pathways
35
Q

What’s acts on the amygdala in the extinction phase

A
  • perigenual cortex
  • hippocampus (contexts)
  • auditroy pathways
36
Q

What is the main thing that tells the amygdala to cool it during extinction phase

A

Perigenual cortex

37
Q

What part of the cingulate cortex increases fear (conditioning)

A

Dorsal anterior cingulate

38
Q

What part of the cingulate gyrus reduced fear (extinction)

A

Peri-genual cortex

39
Q

What happens the the dACC (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)

A

Hyperactive

40
Q

What happens to the peri-genual cortex in PTSD

A

Hypoactive

41
Q

Mediation of PTSD

A

Treated by psychiatrists and psychologists along with enhancement of medication
-exposure therapy

Neuro Block 8 (11 decks)

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