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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is basal ganglia made up of

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus (external/internal)
Substantia nigra (SNc/SNr--> compact/recticular)
Subthalamic Nucleus
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2
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum

A

Caudate nucleus and globus pallidus

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3
Q

what makes up the straitum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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4
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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5
Q

what are the segments of the globus pallidus

A

internal and external/medial and lateral segment

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6
Q

What are the parts of substantia nigra

A

Pars compacta–> contains dopaminergic neurons that contain melanin
Pars reticularis: contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons

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7
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

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8
Q

Why is substantia nigra black

A

It releases dopamine, and a by product of dopamine in a healthy brain is melanin

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9
Q

What kind of dendrites do cells in the striatum have

A

Cells have ‘shiny dendrites’

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10
Q

What info does striatum recieve

A

recieves cortical afferents

mainly from M1 and S1 and projects efferents to GPi/SNr

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11
Q

Where does the globus pallidus lie

A

between putament and internal capsule (medial)

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12
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of globus pallidus

A
  • Lateral/external–> GPl/GPe

- Medial/Internal–> GPm/GPi

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13
Q

What does the GPi do

A

gathers many bits of information including movement-related activity from the striatum

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14
Q

What does the GPe do

A

Integrates info from GPi

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15
Q

GPm/GPi are functionally identical to what

A

SNR

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16
Q

what are most neurons in GP immunoreactive to

A

GABA–> therefore probably not NT

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17
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

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18
Q

What are the 2 sub-nuclei of SN

A
  • Substantia nigra reticular part–> SNr

- Substantia nigra compact part–> SNc

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19
Q

What do neurons in SNc produce

A

Dopamine

-carried to striatum and used there as a NT

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20
Q

Where do neurons in GPi/SNr project to

A

thalamus
superior colliculus
reticular formation of brainstem

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21
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus located

A

lies just medial to internal capsule and ventral lateral to thalamus

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22
Q

what are cells in subthalamic nucleus immunoreactive to

A

glutamate and may use it as a transmitter

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23
Q

What side does the basal ganglia circuitry occur

A

ipsilateral side of the brain–> hence basal ganglia affects function mediated by the ipsilateral motor cortex

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24
Q

what side does movement from circuitry occur on

A

Output/movements affected on contralateral side

Corticospinal tract crosses at medualla oblongata

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25
Describe the connections of the basal ganglia
Fibres from cerebral cortex to striatum - striatum sends fibres to GP or to STN then to GP - GP sends fibres to ventral thalamus - thalamus sends fibres back to the principle motor areas of cerebral cortex
26
what is disinhibition
a decrease in inhibition | decreasing inhibition--> possibility of more excitation
27
What is the main purpose of direct pathway
increases motor activity
28
What is the main purpose of indirect pathway
decreases motor activity
29
What affect does the GPi normally have on thalamus
thalamus is normally under inhibition from the GPi
30
Explain Direct pathway
Read notes
31
Explain dopamine modulation of direct pathway
Read Notes
32
Explain Indirect Pathway
Read notes
33
Explain dopamine modulation of indirect pathway
Read notes
34
what projection neurons use glutamate
projection neurons in cortex, subthalamic nucleus and VA/VL of thalamus
35
What is the effect of glutamate
excitatory
36
What projection fibres use GABA
projection fibres in striatum and both segments of GP
37
what is the effect of GABA
inhibitory
38
what is the overall effect of the dopaminergic modulation on the pathways
increase in motor activity
39
what is the result of the cholinergic modulation on the pathways
decrease in motor activity
40
What is the blood supply to the caudate nucleus
ACAp MCAp Look at pics!!!!!!!!!
41
What is the blood supply to the putamen
ACAp MCAp Look at pics!!!!!!!!!
42
What is the blood supply to the GP
AChA (anterior choroidal artery--> branch on internal carotid artery) MCAp Look at pics!!!!!!!!!
43
What is the blood supply to the SN
PCAp PcoAp Look at pics!!!!!!!!!
44
What is the blood supply to the STN
PCAp PcoAp Look at pics!!!!!!!!!
45
define akinesia
loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement; loss of ability to move muscles voluntarily
46
Define dyskinesia
abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement; unwanted involuntary movement
47
define bradykinesia
slowness of movement and is the cardinal manifestation of Parkinson’s disease; slow movement and an impaired ability to move body shiftly on command
48
define rigidity
the quality or state of stiffness or inflexibility, abnormal stiffness of muscle not allowing it to bend or be bent
49
What do lesions of the basal ganglia cause/affect
Don't cause paralysis -Affect the quality of movement--> disturbance in the initiation or cessation of motor activity Result of a lesion is dyskinesia--> hypokinetic/hyperkinetic
50
What are motor disturbances characterised by
involuntary movement alterations in muscle tone disturbances in body posture
51
What are hypokinetic disorders
- bradykinesia/hypokinesia--> slowness in beginning of movt, reduced ROM and force of movement - Reduced or absent emotional response - loss of balance - loss of postures associated with skilled motion - usually accompanied by muscular rigidity and tremor
52
What are hyperkinetic disorders
hyperkinesia--> excessive motor activity, release of motor patterns at inappropriate times/continuously
53
What do involuntary movements consist of
``` choreiform movement athetoid movement ballismus disorders dystonias dyskinesias ```
54
What does a lesion to subthalamic nucleus result in
- Loss of excitatory STN projections= disinhibit thalamus - failure to surpress some cortical outputs - hyperkinetic disorder
55
What does a lesion to SN result in
Loss of dopamine neurons--> can excite direct and inhibit indirect pathway -hence decreased activity of direct and increased activity of indirect -enhances output of GPi/SNr inhibition of thalamus decreased out--> bradykinesia/hypokinesia -hypokinetic disorder
56
Define Chorea
continuous series of rapid, idependent, jerky involuntary movements that are fragments of purposeful movement; associated with atrophy of striatum
57
Define Dystonia
another type of involuntary movement where, in extreme form, joints are forced into a locked position for a long period by extreme contraction of antagonistic muscle groups
58
define athetosis
- uncontrolled writhing - One spontaneous movement blends into the next creating constant sinuous and purposeless motion - Usually involve hands and face - Movements are frequently combinations of alternating antagonistic motions such as supination/pronation
59
define tics
- type of uncontrollable compulsive behaviour - Like the movements of chorea, tics are quick fragments of a purposeful movement. - They differ from chorea in that they are endlessly repeated in a stereotyped manner
60
What are S&S huntington's disease
hereditory (autosomal dominant)--> chromosome 4 chronic progressive -chorea (jerking uncontrolled movt) dystonic posturing dementia memory loss psychological changes--> impulsiveness, moodiness, antisocial behaviour -gradual physical, mental and emotional changes
61
What are S&S of parkinsons disease
``` resting tremor rigidity bradykinesia mask-like face (expressionless) slow festinating gait systemic symptoms--> depression, dementia, autonomic symptoms (sweating, dysphagia, orthostatic hypotension) ```
62
Is parkinsons disease a hypo/hyperkinetic disorder
- hypokinetic - insufficient direct pathway output - excess indirect pathway output
63
is huntington's disease a hypo/hyperkinetic disorder
- hyperkinetic - excess direct pathway output - insufficient indirect pathway output
64
what is the pathology of parkinson's disease
* Decrease in the number of nerve cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta and pedunculopontine nucleus * Subsequent decrease in available dopamine * Loss of dopamine to the putame, reduces activity in motor areas of the cerebral cortex, decreasing voluntary movements. * Loss of pedunculopontine cells, combined with increased inhibition of the PPN, disinhibits the reticulospinal tracts, producing excessive contraction of postural muscles
65
what is the pathology of huntingtons disease
• A hereditary disorder that causes degeneration in many areas of the brain
66
what are the effects of huntington's disease on the striatum and cerebral cortex
oAtrophy of the striatum oCaused by faulty gene on chromosome 4 oAffects areas of the brain involved in emotions, intellect, and movement
67
what are the effects of huntington's disease on GABA neurons
• Loss of striatal GABAergic neurons o GABAergic = inhibitory NT o This overall reduction of inhibitory structures results in an overall increase in excitatory stimulus being passed through to the CST via the motor cortex. o Therefore, causes an increase in motor activity (Hyperkinetic disorder)
68
what is the effect of lesions of basal ganglia
* do not cause paralysis, but affect the quality of movement: in that there is disturbance in the initiation or cessation of motor activity * The result of a lesion to the basal ganglia is unwanted involuntary movement - dyskinesia: hypokinetic or hyperkinetic. * Motor disturbances are characterised by involuntary movements, alterations in muscle tone, and disturbances in body posture
69
what are different types of hypokinetic basal ganglia movement disorders
``` o Parkinson’s Disease  Akinetic/Rigid Parkinson’s Disease  Tremor-Dominant Parkinson’s Disease o Parkinson-Plus Syndromes o Parkinsonism ```
70
what are different types of hyperkinetic basal ganglia movement disorders
what are different types of hypokinetic basal ganglia movement disorders

Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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