Basal Ganglia

Question 1

2 areas that the BG receives info from?

Answer 1

1. cortex primarily

2. some from reticular nuclei

Question 2

Name the 4 structures of BG

Answer 2

1. Striatum
2. Lenticular Nucleus
3. Substantia nigra
4. Subthalamus

Question 3

What is striatum?

Answer 3

Bridge across internal capsule for communication b/w caudate and putamen

Question 4

2 structures in lenticular nucleus

Answer 4

• putamen

- globus pallidus

Question 5

3 Functions of BG

Answer 5

1. Regulate motor control and cognitive motor functions (motor planning)
2. Regulate modulation of the cortical information in either a facilitory or inhibitory manner
3. It filters the motor information so the premotor doesn’t have to work alone

Question 6

Name 4 BG afferent nuclei

Answer 6

1. caudate and putamen

2. globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 7

What info do caudate and putamen receive and what do they do with it?

Answer 7

Receive info from cortex and figure out where in BG to send it

Question 8

What 2 structures do the globus pallidus and substantia nigra receive information from?

Answer 8

Receive info from caudate and putamen

Question 9

List 3 BG reciprocal nuclei

Answer 9

Globus palidus, substantia nigra, subthalamus

Question 10

What are reciprocal nuclei?

Answer 10

nuclei that talk to each other

Question 11

What are afferent nuclei?

Answer 11

nuclei that receive info

Question 12

What do the BG efferent nuclei do? Where do they send the information?

Answer 12

send sensory information about movement to the thalamus and then up to the cortex

Question 13

List the 2 BG efferent nuclei

Answer 13

• globus palidus

- substantia nigra

Question 14

List 4 regulatory loops/pathways of BG

Answer 14

1. Skeletomotor
2. Oculomotor
3. Pre-frontal
4. Limbic loop

Question 15

What does skeletomotor loop do?

Answer 15

Degree and force of movement

Question 16

What does Oculomotor loop do?

Answer 16

Spatial perception with eye movement

Question 17

What does Pre-frontal loop do?

Answer 17

Executive function with motor planning, decision making

Question 18

What does Limbic loop do?

Answer 18

Motivation and emotional responses with movement

Question 19

Define dyskinesia

Answer 19

mvmt disorder but doesn’t necessarily mean uncoordinated

Question 20

4 examples of hyperkinesia

Answer 20

1. Chorea
2. Athetosis
3. Ballismus
4. Tic

Question 21

Describe hyperkinesia

Answer 21

Involuntary and spontaneous movement

Question 22

Describe hypokinesia

Answer 22

Lack of spontaneous movements, slowing of voluntary mvmt, doesn’t mean incoordination

Question 23

What is chorea?

Answer 23

• type of hyperkinesia

- constant mvmt

Question 24

What is Athetosis?

Answer 24

• type of hyperkinesia

- Constant movement once its initiated, but not at rest

Question 25

What is Ballismus?

Answer 25

• type of hyperkinesia

- Fast acting movement for no reason

Question 26

Describe Tic

Answer 26

• type of hyperkinesia

- Localized movement pattern that is not regulated or inhibited

Question 27

List 2 examples of hypokinesia

Answer 27

1. Rigidity

2. Bradykinesia

Question 28

Describe rigidity

Answer 28

• type of hypokinesia

- Tightness/difficulty of movement

Question 29

Describe bradykinesia

Answer 29

• type of hypokinesia

- Slowing of voluntary movements

Question 30

Name 2 disorders associated w/damage to BG

Answer 30

1. Parkinson’s Disease

2. Huntington’s disease

Question 31

Functions of subthalamus

Answer 31

• Functions as the break on the car to slow everything down

- Inhibitory regulation/control