Basal Ganglia

Question 0

What is the striatum

Answer 0

is a subcortical part of the forebrain. It is the major input station of the basal ganglia system.
Function:planning and modulation of movement pathways

Question 1

What r four clinically significant basal ganglia

Answer 1

1. Striatum
2. Globus pallidus
3. Substantia nigra
4. Subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

Three nuclei that make up striatum

Answer 2

1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Nucleus accumbens

Question 3

Two nuclei that make up lenticular nucleus

Answer 3

Globus pallidus and putamen

Question 4

What cortical areas project to basal ganglia

Answer 4

Any areas of cerebral cortex. Ex primary motor cortex

Question 5

Name the structure that separates the caudate nucleus and putamen.

Answer 5

Internal capsule

Question 6

Name the neurotransmitter that originates from within the nerve cell bodies that make up the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Answer 6

Dopamine

Question 7

Name the disease that results from loss of DA neurons.

Answer 7

Parkinson’s

Question 8

Name the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus.

Answer 8

GABA

Question 9

What does disinhibition mean?

Answer 9

Taking foot off of the brakes

Question 10

Name the two nuclei that contain neurons that are disinhibited by the action of the globus pallidus.

Answer 10

​​subthalamic nucleus

​​Thalamus VL nucleus

Question 11

What is the end result of disinhibition of each globus pallidus nuclei?

Answer 11

End result = disinhibition of indirect loop

​​-thus, decrease motor activity

Question 12

Describe athetoid movement. How does it occur?

Answer 12

Slow, writhing, continuous movement. Often results from damage to striatum.

Question 13

Define choreiform movement

Answer 13

Involuntary, irregular, purposeless, abrupt, rapid, unsustained movements that flow from one body part to another.

Question 14

Define ballistic movements

Answer 14

Large amplitude flinging, flailing, movements. Damage to subthalamic nucleus

Question 15

Define akinesia

Answer 15

Absence of movement

Question 16

Define bradykinesia

Answer 16

Decreased speed of movement

Question 17

Name the basal ganglion area that receives input from the cortex.

Answer 17

Caudate nucleus

Question 18

What does the direct pathway do

Answer 18

Increase activity. Press on accelerator.

Question 19

What does the indirect pathway do

Answer 19

Decrease activity. Inhibits motor activity. Press on brake

Question 20

Loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter are believed to be responsible for the motor dysfunction seen in Huntington’s disease?

Answer 20

​​-loss of GABAergic neurons in the striatum

Question 21

Loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter are believed to be responsible for the motor dysfunction seen in Parkinsons disease?

Answer 21

Substanta nigra DA

Question 22

Loss of what neurons and of which neurotransmitter are believed to be responsible for the motor dysfunction seen in Hemiballism disease?

Answer 22

​​-damage to subthalamic nucleus

Question 23

What region of the cortex is the target of efferent signals from the basal ganglia?

Answer 23

Motor cortex

Question 24

List the major thalamic nuclei and which system they r affiliated

Answer 24

​Anterior nucleus – declarative memory
​VPM & VPL – touch
​VA & VL – motor control
​MGB & LGB – the geniculate bodies: audition and vision

Question 25

Be able to define procedural memory.

Answer 25

​-memory for the performance of particular actions

Question 26

Name five specific thalamic nuclei and the system served by each.

Answer 26

​Anterior nucleus – declartive memory
​Ventroposteromedial (VPM) – touch
​Ventroposterolateral (VPL) – touch
​Ventroanterior (VA) – motor control
​Ventrolateral (VL) – motor control

Question 27

Name one thalamic association nucleus.

Answer 27

Mediodorsal nucleus

Question 28

Name one non-specific thalamic nucleus

Answer 28

Intralaminar nuclei