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Biochem Exam III > Bartling SG > Flashcards

Bartling SG Flashcards

1
Q

Cells detect, amplify, and integrate external signals by way of

A

transduction cassettes

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2
Q

Specific cell surface membrane receptors, Effector signaling elements, Regulatory proteins are components of

A

transduction cassettes

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3
Q

What happens when a ligand binds to a specific receptor protein on the cell surface

A

Change in confirmation

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4
Q

Change in cellular metabolism, function, or development is

A

cellular response

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5
Q

What happens after the cellular response has been activated what happens to the ligand

A

Ligand is removed

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6
Q

After the ligand is removed what happens

A

Ligand is degrated

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7
Q

What is the first step in cell signaling

A

synthesis of ligand

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8
Q

Signaling molecule

A

ligand

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9
Q

What are chemical messengers

A

Hormones

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10
Q

What types of cells makes chemical messengers (hormones)

A

Endocrine cells

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11
Q

Gene expression and protein synthesis are affect by

A

Chemical messengers

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12
Q

Chemical messengers that act on same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrine

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13
Q

Chemical messengers that act on other cells

A

Paracrine

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14
Q

Types of hormones chemical messengers

A

Steroids
Amine
Peptide
Polypeptide

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15
Q

Amino acid-derived chemical messenger

A

Amine

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16
Q

Corticosteroids, Androgens, Estrogens are

A

Cholesterol precursor

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17
Q

Chemical messengers that can cross the cell membrane are

A

lipid soluble

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18
Q

Steroid hormone messengers are

A

lipid soluble

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19
Q

Intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors for this type of chemical messenger are located inside target

A

Steroid hormones

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20
Q

How do steroid hormones reach there target

A

Through the blood stream

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21
Q

How are steroid hormones are released from the cell that synthesizes them

A

Immediately diffuse out

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22
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized and released by

A

endocrine cells

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23
Q
  1. Synthesis of the signaling molecule (ligand)
  2. Release of the signaling molecule (ligand)
  3. Transport of signaling molecule to target cell
  4. Binding of the ligand by a specific receptor protein and change in conformation
  5. Change in cellular metabolism, function, or development = cellular response
  6. Removal of ligand, terminating cellular response
  7. Degradation of ligand
A

Know these 6 steps

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24
Q

If a chemical signal is slow acting it has a

A

Longer half-life

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25
Steroid hormones has a longer half-life than
peptide hormones
26
Amine hormones are derived from
Tyrosine or tryptophan
27
How are amine hormones are released from the cell that synthesizes them
Stored until needed
28
What types of cells produce amino hormones
Endocrine
29
Where are the receptors for amine hormones located on target cells
Cell surface or intracellular
30
Hormones that are not imitate;y released into the blood stream
Polypeptide | Amine
31
Type of hormone that is water soluble
Polypeptide
32
Polypeptide are considered to be
First messengers
33
Polypeptide are first messengers because they bind to
External receptors
34
Intracellular effects of a polypeptide hormones are mediated by
Second messenger
35
A second messenger example is
cAMP
36
Second messenger molecules are
Low molecular-weight
37
Another second messenger example is
Calcium
38
Do polypeptide hormone pass immediately into the target cell?
No
39
Polypeptide hormones activate their target cells by way of
second messagers
40
What converts ATP to cAMP
adenylyl cyclase
41
Adenylyl cyclase is activated by what part of the G-protein
α-subunit
42
What activates Adenylyl cyclase
G-Protein
43
What inactivates / turns off cAMP
Phosphodiesterase
44
What does cAMP activate
Protein kinase
45
Where is the cAMP activated protein kinase located
Cytosol
46
What does G-protein do to the cell signal
Amplifies
47
What do the bacterial toxins target
G-protein
48
ADP-ribosylates Gs α-subunit
Cholera toxin
49
What does cholera toxin do to cAMP
increases
50
What cell does the cholera toxin target
intestinal G-protein
51
An increase cAMP within intestinal epithelial cells leads to
phosphorylation of Cl
52
Cholera toxin leads to
efflux of electrolytes and water
53
Whooping cough is caused by
Pertussis toxin
54
Pertussis toxin does what to cAMP
enhances
55
An enhance of pertussis toxin does what to neutrophils
inhibits functions
56
Pertussis toxin effects
neutrophils
57
Ligand binding forms dimer that activates
tyrosine kinases
58
Tyrosine kinases does what to downstream targets
phosphorylates
59
Does tyrosine kinases have intrinsic enzymatic activity
No
60
when phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase occurs it activates
other protein kinases
61
When ligand binding occurs to an ion channel what happen s
confirmation change
62
Ligand binding changes confirmation of ion channel receptor
Ions flow through
63
What type of ions flow through ion channels
Na and K
64
Bacterial toxin that indirectly affects ion-channels
Botulinum
65
Prevents release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter and cleaves proteins involved in docking of neurotransmitter vesicles
Botulinum toxin
66
What does Botulinum prevent the release of?
acetylcholine
67
What is acetylcholine
neurotransmitter
68
Calcium binds to what protein inducing conformational change
calmodulin
69
When calcium binds to calmodulin what happens
Conformational change
70
What conformational change occurs in the Calcium and calmodulin binding
Two globular domains joined
71
What join the two globular domains
a long α-helix
72
Calcium/calmodulin complex binds to and modifies
protein kinase
73
Calcium/calmodulin complex activates
signal cascade
74
Second messenger responsible for calcium mobilization
PIP2
75
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PIP2
76
What is PIP2 hydrolyzed by
(PLC) | PIP2-specific phospholipase C
77
What PLC generate
Two second messengers
78
What are the two second messengers of PLC
``` Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) Diacylglycerol (DAG) ```
79
Second messenger that is water soluble and mobilizes calcium
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
80
Second messenger that is anchored in plasma membrane due to hydrophobic fatty acid side chains
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
81
Second messenger that activates key protein kinase C (PKC) family
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
82
Can be hydrolyzed by other phospholipases to produce other lipid second messengers
Phosphatidylcholine
83
Different species of DAG (generated by PLC), Phosphatidic acid (generated by PLD) and Arachidonic acid (generated by PLA2) are
Lipid second messengers
84
Key inflammatory and pain mediator
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins
85
Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are precursors of
eicosanoids
86
Act like hormones and signal via G-protein coupled receptors
Prostaglandins
87
Modulate smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, gastric acid secretion, and salt and water balance
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins
88
Arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandins involves
cyclooxygenase isoforms
89
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Aspirin and Ibuprofen
90
Response to inflammatory mediators
COX-2
91
cyclooxygenase isoforms
COX-1 and COX-2
92
Modulate smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, gastric acid secretion, and salt and water balance
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins
93
Anti-inflammatory drugs block cyclooxygenase conversion to
prostaglandins
94
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit
cyclooxygenase
95
What irreversibly inactivates both forms cyclooxygenase
Aspirin
96
selective inhibitions of what effective treatments for inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis)
COX-2 (celecoxib)
97
Selective inhibitors of COX-2 (celecoxib) are effective treatments for
inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis)
98
Arachidonic acid can also be converted into what by lipoxygenases
leukotrienes

Biochem Exam III (3 decks)

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