Aging SG Flashcards
Degrade miss folded proteins
lysosomes and proteasome
Used as a marker for proteasomal degradation
ubiquitin
aggregation of miss folded proteins is a sing of
aging
Family of NAD+ dependent deacetylase proteins
Sirtuins
Related to SIR2 (Silent information regulator) in yeast
Sirtuins
What are the two types of Alzheimer’s disease
sAD and fAD
What type of Alzheimer’s disease is the most common?
sAD
What type of Alzheimer’s disease is early onset
fAD
What type of Alzheimer’s disease is rare
fAD
What type of Alzheimer’s disease is late onset (<65)
sAD
Alzheimer’s disease is though to be caused (at least in part) by
miss folded proteins
What results in an accumulation of miss folded proteins
loss of proteostasis
A loss of proteostasis can lead to
Alzheimer’s disease
What allele is related to sAD
Apolipoprotein E (APOE4 allele)
Two proteins that when mutated are involved with fAD
Amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Presenilin 1 & 2
Presenilin 1 & 2 is involved with what protein
gamma secretase
While in fAD gamma secretase is the protien with a mutation, what also has t0 be present in order for there to be plaque accumulation (alpha or beta secretase)
beta
Genetic diseases with premature aging
progeroid syndrome
DNA repair activity correlates with
longevity
DNA repair activity is related to which hallmark of again
Genetic instability
Syndromes caused by mutations in DNA helicases involved in repair
Werner’s and Bloom’s syndromes
Syndromes caused by mutation in prelamin A
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome
Hutchinson-Gilford, Werner’s, and Bloom’s syndromes are all related to
premature again
Binds to SIRT1 and activates deacetylase
Resveratrol
Where is resveratrol found
Red wine
Over expression increases longevity in yeast, flies, worms, mice on high fat diet
Sirtuins
o Genomic instability o Telomere attrition o Epigenetic alterations o Loss of proteostasis o Deregulated nutrient sensing o Mitochondrial dysfunction o Cellular senescence o Stem cell exhaustion o Altered intracellular communication
Hallmarks of aging
Loss of proteostasis is a
Hallmark of again
Progressive cognitive disease with memory loss and other symptoms
Alzheimer’s disease
Amyloid plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, and brain shrinkage occur in
Alzheimer’s disease
A hallmark of aging that relates to how the DNA is packaged
epigenetic alterations
If you can change the histones are interacting with DNA you can change how the DNA is working based on whats expressed
epigenetic alterations
epigenetic alterations of DNA effect
expression
Things that cause normally folded proteins to become miss folded
heat shock, changes in the ER, and oxidative stress
Miss folded proteins are degreased by being sucked into a lysosome
Autophagy
Miss folded proteins are marked with ubiquitin to be degraded by proteosomes
proteasomal degradation
Miss folded proteins can be refolded by
chaperons
do most cell stop dividing in later years
yes
Amyloid precursor protein
APP
fAD is caused by a mutation in
APP
The causes if sAD are
not well known
over expression on a high fat diet increases longevity
sirtuins
DNA repair activity correlates with
longevity
Aging hallmark that relates to DNA repair activity
genomic stability
Structures at the ends of chromosomes
Telomeres
What happens to the lengths of telomeres with age in somatic cells
Shorten
Telomere sequence in mammals
TTAGGG
F ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3’ end of DNA
Telomerase
RNA dependent DNA polymerase
Telomerase
Two pathways are thought to be involved in dietary restriction way to increase life span
Pathways involving IGF and SIRT1
Progerias cause accelerated aging and affect DNA gyrases for repair and nuclear lamin
genetic instability
Boosting what could also lead to the release of SIRT1
NAD+
early again syndromes involved damage to
helicase
why is helicase important for preventing DNA again
allows for DNA repair
Tissues has cells that are undifferentiated that can divide to replenish themselves or the cells in tissue
Stem cells
An again hallmark that is a result of depletion stem cells
stem cell exhaustion
stem cell depletion can lead to
inflammation
When cells stop dividing, can be trigged by damaged
cellular senescence
Somatic animal cells can divide around 60 times before they are stagnant in a laboratory setting is called
Hayflick limit
When the hay flick limit is reached in the body what happens
Senescent cells accumulate
What is a problem with cellular senescence
secrete unwanted things
What are some of the things senescent cells secrete
growth factor, cytokines
Drugs that target senescent cells and has been show to renew organs in mice
senolytic cells
what cells are telomerase’s found in
germ cells and tumor cells
what do telomeres help to prevent?
lose of DNA segments
Early aging disease caused by mutations in DNA gyrase (used in repair) or nuclear lamin
progerias
in mice research, do antioxidants extend the life?
NO
the healthy period of life
health span
rather than extending lifespan we should focus on extending
healthspan
When people age, diseases increase which decrease the quality of life and burdens society
reasons for healtspan over lifespan
in some studies increase oxidation have been show to do what that goes against the free radical theory
increases lifespan
