barriers and self efficacy

Question 1

theories of behaviour change

Answer 1

Health Belief Model
Social Cognitive Theory
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Social Norms Theory

Question 2

beliefs about barriers within the health belief model

Answer 2

• is there barriers to getting access to heath benefits
  for example, a person must believe that there aren’t barriers to getting an x-ray, which they cannot overcome

Question 3

how do beliefs about barriers relate to the public good?

Answer 3

Do barriers influence whether or not people act in their own best interest, and in the public good?

Question 4

How can Xray study be related to barriers?

Answer 4

Are people more likely to get screened for tuberculosis (TB) when there are fewer barriers to doing so?

Question 5

How did we use the X-ray study to research beliefs about barriers?

Answer 5

They had date on where people got Xrays and in some locations there were more or it was easier to get them - we used this as a proxy

Question 6

what is a proxy measure?

Answer 6

an indirect indicator or metric used to assess something that is difficult or impossible to measure directly, relying on a strong correlation between the proxy and the desired outcome

Question 7

When people obtained x-rays voluntarily, (i.e. when they did not have prior symptoms), where did they obtain them?

Answer 7

mostly at mobile facilities, suggesting maybe if they were not near these locations, they believed they could not get one So, it is likely that TB screenings were increased by lowering barriers
By making screenings cheaper and easier to get

Question 8

When people obtained x-rays voluntarily, (i.e. when they did have prior symptoms), where did they obtain them?

Answer 8

private doctors etc

Question 9

What are some limitations of the Xrays study ability to inform us about beliefs regarding barriers?

Answer 9

Proxy
Lack of statistical analysis

Question 10

Dental study methodology

Answer 10

Researchers approached patients in the waiting room of a public dental hospital
Asked them to complete a paper survey on-site
Participants’ self-reported brushing and flossing behaviour was measured using two questions.

Question 11

Are people less likely to practice good dental hygiene when they believe that there are barriers to brushing and flossing?

Answer 11

Self-reported Brushing and Flossing was less frequent when participants reported more barriers to brushing and flossing

Brushing and Flossing was not more frequent when participants reported greater knowledge of oral hygiene, believed they were more susceptible, severity, benefits

Question 12

greek dental study method

Answer 12

Participants’ self-reported brushing behaviour was measured using one question
Also obtained an objective measure of dental health from the dental practices “DMFT” measure captured the total number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth

Question 13

did actual oral health match what they self reported in Greek study?

Answer 13

Actual oral health (measured by DMFT) was higher
When patients reported that they brushed more frequently
Suggests that self-report of brushing frequency is a valid measure of oral health behaviour

Question 14

In Greece, do barriers mean people are less likely to brush their teeth?

Answer 14

the answers seems to be no - severity was more important

Question 15

beliefs about self efficacy

Answer 15

Self Efficacy
Def: belief in one’s capability to implement a behavior needed to reach a goal or perform a task successfully.

Question 16

social cognitive theory

Answer 16

psychologists in the 1970s, particularly Albert Bandura, to explain our behavior as a consequence of observing our social environment (and learning from it)

Question 17

environmental detriments

Answer 17

Incentive Motivation
Facilitation

Question 18

Incentive Motivation

Answer 18

Providing rewards or punishments which influences behavior

Question 19

Facilitation

Answer 19

Removing barriers to particular behaviors
Or, barriers to changing those behaviors
Which influences behavior

Question 20

for SCT what influences behaviour?

Answer 20

environmental factors - what we observe and our role models - psychological determinants

Question 21

psychological determinants

Answer 21

Aspects of our minds or psychology which directly impact our behaviour
Beliefs
Expectations

Question 22

outcome expectations

Answer 22

Beliefs about the likelihood and value of the consequences of a behavior or choice; Whether the outcome of a behavior is good/bad or whether the outcome is likely to happen

Question 23

types of outcome expectations

Answer 23

Beliefs about Benefits
Beliefs about Susceptibility
Beliefs about Severity

Question 24

self efficacy as a psychological determant

Answer 24

Do people believe they have the ability to effect changes in their lives to obtain those good outcomes?
it incorporates beliefs about barriers

Question 25

reciprocal determinism

Answer 25

posits that behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and feelings), and the environment all influence and are influenced by each other in a continuous, dynamic process

Question 26

smoking example of reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

If you think you might be able to quit smoking Then try smoking less and manage to do it This may increase your Self-Efficacy And lead to to try harder to quit

Question 27

How did fords HIV study illustrate that an intervention can slow and improve some behaviours?

Answer 27

Increase use of condoms, but alsodecrease beliefs about susceptibility to AIDS Increasing beliefs about susceptibility may have increased condom use, which decreased beliefs about susceptibility

Question 28

Are people more likely to practice good dental hygiene when they believe that they are able to brush and floss effectively?

Answer 28

Self-reported Brushing and Flossing was less frequent when participants: Reported more barriers to brushing and flossing Self-reported Brushing and Flossing was more frequent when participants: Reported higher Self-Efficacy for brushing and flossing

Question 29

Did beliefs about Beliefs about Self-Efficacy predict brushing in greece?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

We wanted to know whether people are more likely to brush and floss when they have higher Self Efficacy

Answer 30

So far, the answer seems to be “yes” Results seem to be more generalisable than findings about other beliefs But, don’t assume they will be the same with every social group

Question 31

limits of greek study

Answer 31

causation

Question 32

Mechanisms for shaping Self Efficacy

Answer 32

Mastery experience Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Affective and somatic states

Question 33

Mastery experience

Answer 33

“Nothing can convince an individual more of their abilities than direct experience.” examples ; Skill building exercises Imagining success Recording / retelling mastery situations

Question 34

Vicarious experience

Answer 34

“Seeing others succeed at a behavior not only increases confidence but also teaches the observer useful strategies and skills.” Observing similar role models perform the behavior successfully (e.g. peer modeling)

Question 35

How can you design an intervention to change Self-Efficacy ?

Answer 35

By using Vicarious Experience

Question 36

ACDP

Answer 36

was a series of programs designed to help reduce the spread of HIV by targeting at-risk populations

Question 37

Project design of HIV study

Answer 37

Based around an intervention using physical media and in-person interactions - using stories and interviews with real people Distribution of paper newsletters/flyers within at-risk communities in five different U.S. cities Each city included two communities: Experimental Site: received the intervention Comparison (control) Site: no intervention

Question 38

why would the hiv study change self -efficacy

Answer 38

The idea is that modeling behaviour helps to increase the Self-Efficacy of observers --> By potentially demonstrating useful strategies, which can help to overcome barriers to engaging in the target behaviour In particular, modeling behaviour by peers helps to increase the Self-Efficacy of observers --> By demonstrating that people who face similar barriers are able to engage in the target behaviour

Question 39

which group saw more of the flyers?

Answer 39

In the Experimental Sites, more people reported being exposed to the intervention campaign (i.e. seeing the flyers) effect grew over time was reacing people slowly

Question 40

in the exp group if asked if carrying a condom where they?

Answer 40

In the Experimental Sites, more people were actually carrying condoms This effect grew with time Suggests that the intervention was changing some behaviour At least making it more likely that protection would be used

Question 41

which group used condoms more?

Answer 41

In the Experimental Sites, more people also reported: Using condoms with partners Using proper injection hygiene Relative to the Comparison Sites

Question 42

Did the HIV campaign also change beliefs about Self-Efficacy?

Answer 42

In street interviews, researchers asked people to rate their expected ability to: Use condoms with their partners Use proper injection hygiene Felt more able to use condoms Did not significantly feel more able to use proper injection SEEMS TO YES

Question 43

Increases in behaviour and beliefs linked to the

Answer 43

number of exposures to ACDP campaign