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Ag Science > barley & Kale > Flashcards

barley & Kale Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lifecycle of Kale

A

Biennial

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2
Q

method of Planting Kale

A

-Sown into a cultivated (plough and power harrow) seedbed
- Direct drill or seed drill seeds into a fine firm seedbed.
- maximum depth of 10mm to ensure uniform germination
- Seeding rate of 4-5kg/Ha
- Roll well after sowing to ensure good soil-seed contact
Should be relatively flat land that has not been sown with a brassica crop for at least 4 years to prevent club rot.
Harvest : December to February

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3
Q

Advantages of Kale

A

-High digestibility
- Long utilisation period
- Can be used to extend grazing season
- High protein content
- Fast growing crop

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4
Q

Soil Conditions required for Kale

A
  • Free draining, loam or sandy soil
  • pH 6-7 (6.5) ideal
  • Fertile soil
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5
Q

pest associated with Kale , damage caused & treated

A

Flea beetle
-Eats holes in leaves of the plant
- Spray with contact insecticide

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6
Q

How is kale utilised

A

Usually strip grazed
- Electric fence moved forwards in the crop each day
- 3m width at fence allocated to cow
or
-Can be zero grazed and fed indoors or ensiled but is difficult to wilt in winter

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7
Q

How is kale utilised

A

Usually strip grazed
- Electric fence moved forwards in the crop each day
- 3m width at fence allocated to cow
or
-Can be zero grazed and fed indoors or ensiled but is difficult to wilt in winter

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8
Q

how does kale contribute to sustainability

A
  • protection of soil structure against soil erosion from heavy rain
  • increased SOM
  • prevents mineral leaching as it uses up nutrients
  • Act as a break crop for weeds, pests & diseases (so less chemicals required)
  • increased earthworm activity
  • high protein - less concentrates needed
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9
Q

Average dry matter yield of kale

A

8-10 tonnes per Ha

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10
Q

Non-chemical method of controlling weeds in kale

A
  • Crop rotation : sowing a different crop from a different family in the field each year helps to control weeds. Usually 1 year in 4
  • Growth encouragement : promotes the growth of healthy crops and prevents the growth of weed. Includes good seedbed prep, rolling seeds to ensure seed to soil contact and water must be available to seeds.
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11
Q

Four benefits of sowing a catch crop on a tillage farm

A

Ground cover
- captures soil nutrients
- improves SOM levels
- Weed suppression
- reduces nitrate leaching
- maintains soil structure

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12
Q

Catch crop

A

A fast-growing Crop grown between two main crops when land would otherwise lie idle.

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13
Q

Catch crop

A

Crop grown between two main crops

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14
Q

Conservation Tillage

A

A non-plough based crop establishment technique that combined with other measures can improve soil quality and aims to reduce soil erosion (and reduce tillage costs)

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15
Q

Sustainable

A

Focuses on meeting the needs of the present while also ensuring the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

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16
Q

Graminicides

A

A herbicide that controls grass weeds

17
Q

Advantage of chemicals in tillage production

A

-less or no pests
- less or no weeds
- less or no disease

18
Q

Disadvantage of chemicals in tillage production

A

Decreases bio diversity by killing insects , plants and animals that aren’t pests
- causes air/water/soil pollution
- harm human health
- build up of toxins in the food chain

19
Q

Animal welfare contributes to food safety

A

less animal stress leading to better quality products , good animal housing = less injury , less antibiotics means less antibiotics in food chain

20
Q

Pre-emergence weed control

A

Weed killer used before you see weeds to prevent them from growing , prevents germinating weed seedlings becoming established
protective barrier

21
Q

Crop rotation

A

Growing crops in a definite sequence

22
Q

Winter varieties

A

Sown before winter, September to November , have already grown before winter pauses growth

23
Q

2 advantages of sowing winter varieties

A

Sowing in better ground conditions
- longer growing season
- higher yield
- frost resistant
- earlier harvest

24
Q

effect of soil quality on barley

A

Drainage & aeration : higher % of water results in less air in the soil so it will decrease the productivity of the crop. (reduced yield)
Texture ; Very high % of sand & little clay in the soil means it won’t be as fertile resulting in low yield , lack of water = plant suffers from drought stress.
temperature : warm soils have high germination and growth rate

25
Q

crop preservation of barley

A

Barley should have 15% moisture content at harvest otherwise seeds will heat and germinate and spoil- may need drying after harvest or suitable storage/ventilation
acid treatment to prevent germination of seed for long term storage of feed.

26
Q

Herbicide resistance

A

herbicide does not kill the targeted plant as its inherited ability of plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to herbicide that would normally be lethal to plant species

27
Q

2 features that influence the geographical location of cereal crop production

A

Lighter soils better suited to cereal crops, heavier soils in northwest and lighter soils in southeast.
- Warmer climate in south than north, creating warmer soils for increased crop growth

28
Q

Biological control

A

Control of pests by predators or parasites
ladybirds eat aphids

29
Q

four signs of ripeness in a cereal

A

Crop is bleached & yellow, seed is hard , ear drooped parallel to the stem
the leaves at the top are dead
grain is easily dislodged
moisture content 15% or less

30
Q

Aspect of a field? , explain how aspect influences crop growth

A
  • Direction in which field is facing
  • South facing fields get more sun or heat up faster, get more light for photosynthesis.
31
Q

Tramlines

A

Parallel unsown tracks in a field in cereal
-Access for machinery for spraying/fertilising

32
Q

Indirect control

A

Any method of control that is effective despite not being targeted at the effected species.
Stubble cleaning; uproots weed seedlings
biological control
resistant varieties

33
Q

Barley Cultivation

A

Seedbed Prep/Soil : Well drained fertile (loam or brown earth) soil pH 6-6.5, warm climate with moisture during growing season but dry conditions for harvesting. Winter barley soil plough & harrowed in Autumn & Spring barley, soil ploughed & harrowed presowing.

Sowing : Winter sown in Sept-Oct, Spring sown in Feb - April. Using combine drill, sow barley and apply fertiliser simultaneously, roll after to ensure good seed-soil contact . Tramlines can be included in the field, designated lines without seed for the wheels of the tractor. Allows for easy access throughout growing season.

Fertiliser Requirements : Soil testing can be done, Low N for malting barley: ensures high sugar in grain for brewing. High N for feeding barley :ensures high protein. CAN supplies nitrogen.

Weed & Disease Control : Use certified seed, stubble cleaning , spraying herbicide and pulling weeds by hand. Biological control & fungicides

Harvesting : Spring Barely ( SY Errigal) is Harvest mid August to September, Yield : 6-8tonnes/Ha.
Winter barley (Bazooka) is harvested June/July , 8-9tonnes/Ha.
Harvest when ear of plant is parallels to the stem and crop is dry& pale in colour the plant is ripe. Harvested by a combine harvester.

34
Q

Aphids

A

Damage plants and vectors for viral disease. Barley Yellow dwarf virus causes yellow leaves and reduced yield. Controlled by ladybirds.

35
Q

Storing Barley

A
  • Cool , dry & clean facilities.
  • Well ventilated
  • Low moisture & temp, prevents spoilage and germination
  • Treat with propanoic acid to prevent spoilage.
36
Q

Growth Cycle of barley

A
  1. GERMINATION & SEEDLING GROWTH :
    The seed germinates , pant begins to grow.
  2. TILLERING:
    Tillers are from side shoots from a stem during tillering phase, more tillers that emerge = greater yield during harvest.
  3. STEM ELONGATION:
    Stem begins growing adding height to the plant.
  4. BOOTING :
    Leaf sheaths begin to develop within which the ear of plant develops.
  5. EAR EMERGENCE :
    The ear of the plant emerges from leaf sheath.
  6. FLOWERING :
    Pollen sacs develop and pollination occurs
  7. GRAIN FILLING :
    Grains begin filling with products from photosynthesis.

8 RIPENING :
The moisture content in the plant decreases as the straw becomes bleached. The grain begins to harden and lose its green colour. The ear falls parallel to the stem.

37
Q

The nitrates directive

A

States that ploughing should be done within 6 weeks of expected crop emergence to prevent nitrogen leaching.

38
Q

Growth Cycle of Kale

A
  1. COTYLEDON EMERGENCE :
    Cotyledons emerge from the soil
  2. SEEDLING :
    up to 5 true leaves may be produced
  3. TRUE LEAVES PRESENT :
    Beginning of uptake of N and period of vegetative growth.
  4. FIRST HARVEST :
    Leaves have grown to the stage where they may be harvested or grazed
  5. STEM ELONGATION :
    7-12 cm of stalk visible above the rosette.
  6. PLANT DECLINE :
    leaf quality declines and is no longer suitable for grazing
  7. BOLTING :
    Main shoot begins to elongate.
39
Q

Crop rotation with Kale

A

Potatoes - peas - kale - carrots

Ag Science (12 decks)

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