Bandura

Question 1

anticipated outcomes

Answer 1

A person’s expectancy that the performance of certain behaviors will secure certain reinforcers.

Ex: Such as purchasing car insurance before the case of an accident

Question 2

efficacy expectations

Answer 2

Individuals’ convictions or beliefs that they can execute the behaviors required to produce certain response consequences.

Question 3

external reinforcement

Answer 3

A reinforcing environmental stimulus that controls the occurrence of behavior; it might be food, money, praise, approval from others, a pat on the back, or a smile.

Question 4

guided participation modeling

Answer 4

Phobia-reduction procedure in which models first show study participants how to successfully tolerate increasingly threatening interactions with dreaded objects, and then guide the participants through these threatening activities until they are finally able to master their fears.

Question 5

imaginal representation

Answer 5

An image called up by a person that resembles an object in the environment. For example, the person can picture, or imagine, a professor who exists in the environment.

Question 6

modeling

Answer 6

Type of learning in which individuals learn new behavior by observing others.

Question 7

multiple modeling effects

Answer 7

Impact on a person’s imitative behavior of being exposed to a variety of models.

Question 8

observational learning

Answer 8

Type of learning in which new responses are made as a result of watching the performance of others; also called imitative learning.

We learn form others because we evolved in a deadly environment and watching others maximized survival chances

Question 9

self-modeling

Answer 9

Type of learning in which individuals watch themselves behave in a situationally appropriate manner via videotape and then show the same behaviors later on.

Question 10

triadic reciprocal determinism

Answer 10

The belief that cognition, behavior, and the environment operate interactively as determinants of one another.

Question 11

verbal representation

Answer 11

A word that signifies an object in the environment. For example, the word dog is a verbal representation of a barking quadruped that exists in the environment.

Question 12

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 12

Willingness to imitate the behavior of a model after observing that the model was reinforced for the behavior.

Question 13

What Theory is Albert Bandura Most known for?

Answer 13

Social Cognitive theory

Question 14

Bandura’s impact of words

Answer 14

Seems like Peterson got this next part from Bandura. We represent external events in verbal and imaginal fantasy and rehearse them to solve problems symbolically without having to actually try them out

Question 15

Triadic reciprocal determinism with TV example

Answer 15

People’s preferences determine which programs they pick and then the programs subtly change their behavior and further watching habits

Question 16

Bandura’s similarity to Rotter

Answer 16

Like Rotter, put an emphasis on both internal and external processes and the interplay between them rather than one or the other

Question 17

Overview of the Bobo-doll experiment

Answer 17

This was observed with the Bobo doll experiment which had an adult model being verbally and physically aggressive to a Bobo doll and children watched the film. There were three groups to the experiment.

Group 1. No second film was shown to the children making this the control.

Group 2. Was shown a second film where the model was praised with soda and candy for his aggressive behavior.

Group 3. Was shown a second film where the model is verbally recommended and smacked with a newspaper for his bad behavior.

As expected, Group 3 showed much less aggression to the Bobo doll than group 1 or especially group 2

Further Group 3 when offered incentives to be aggressive to the Bobo doll did so accordingly, showing they learned the behavior. This shows that criminal behavior can be imitated

Question 18

The estimated amount of acts of violence we see before elementary school?

Answer 18

Maybe 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence by elementary school

Question 19

facts from research of violence in society.

Answer 19

1. A study was conducted on violent programing in our society. About 73% of the perpetrators of violence went unpunished
2. Positive reinforcements for violent behavior may override any punishments
3. An experiment by Berkowitz showed that when people showed violence as justified, their inhibitions were lowered and violence was facilitated.
4. When violence was witnessed as inappropriate, aggression was inhibited as with the hero giving just punishment to the villain and we get catharsis out of it
5. Aggression is more facilitated with those with low impulse controll
6. Sanitized violence where violence happens but no one really gets hurt also facilitates violence

Question 20

Violent Video Games and Aggression

Answer 20

In a study done where participants played either mortal combat or a golf game before being able to distribute punishments to another person in the form of decibels. People who played the violent games naturally chose higher decibels than those who played the non violent game. There are many studies like this.

Question 21

Aspect of Efficacy Expectations

Answer 21

1. Bandura believes how people expect they will do in a given situation matters a lot. If they don’t believe they can do it regardless of having the skill to do it, they perform poorly. Sort of a self fulfilling prophecy. Also people who believe in themselves and have the skills may not do so unless properly incentivized
2. People who are low in efficacy are unlikely to test themselves for fear of being reprimanded thus steering away from corrective improvement
3. People high in self-efficacy will engage in these testing tasks and have minimal self-shame. One aspect is proximal goals to get to their place for distal goals.

Question 22

Four parts of Efficacy Expectations

Answer 22

1. Performance Accomplishments (Bandura believes efficacy expectations are rooted in mastery experiences. Such as successful people create high expectations and vise versa
   High efficacy are not likely to be put off by the occasional failure however low efficacy people treat failure much worse and the occasional success are not effective, consistent successes are needed fueled by drive in order to break the cycle)
2. Vicarious Experience (Watching other’s successes can give inspiration for themselves to do the task)
3. Verbal Persuasion (Realistic verbal encouragement helps drive a high-efficacy child from parents but unrealistic expectations coupled with belittling can create low-efficacy children)
4. Emotional Arousal (High efficacy is better when calm vs highly aroused )

Question 23

Bandura’s Self Efficacy in Academics

Answer 23

1. Parents high in self-efficacy tend to raise children with high self-efficacy
2. A good relationship with teachers and peers can help foster high self-efficacy. Also prior mastery of tasks helps increase self-efficacy. Especially outperforming. They also are more likely to engage in mastery tasks for academic material
3. Low-efficacy students engage in more disruptive behavior to protect their low competence.; They also engage in self-handicapping because of anticipated failure. They fall to excuses. However, teacher facilitated an increase in self-efficacy especially in writing competence can turn this around.

Question 24

Bandura’s Self Efficacy in Career Choices and Job Performance

Answer 24

1. Sex differences were seen in efficacy towards typically male/female oriented careers. Such as accountants (men) and nurses (women).
2. The women’s movement has helped curved this.
3. They also showed low efficacy toward male careers and did not pursue them. This can have effects such as only 8.5% of Engineers are women despite them making up 56.8% of the workforce. However when exposed to a cool/uncool model taking about engineering as a career, women exposed to the “cool” model showed higher efficacy toward being an engineer

Question 25

Bandura’s Self Efficacy in Physical and Mental Health

Answer 25

1. People with low self-efficacy are less likely to be physically and mentally healthy and are less able to cope with stress. They are linked with low mental health
2. High efficacy people have a higher ability to cope with stress also linked with high mental health
3. High self efficacy people are more likely to seek medical care sooner as well in contrast to low efficacy people. They are also more likely to control harmful behavior
4. Physical fitness helps promote high sense of efficacy and even better pain management

Question 26

How does Bandura’s Work stack up?

Answer 26

Comprehensiveness
Not as diverse as Freud’s but is quite comprehensive. The social-cognitive model accounts for the acquisition, maintenance, and modification of behavior even bad behavior. Also how childhood experiences with authoritative figures influence personality

Precision and testability
Many of his theories are difficult to test to specifics but he has done a good job being experimental with his theories

Parsimony
Its based on only a few assumptions but those that do are boradly stated and designed to encourage investigation. It is a parsimonious theory

Empirical Validity
Straight up very good. Modeling has held up well

Heuristic Value’
Bandura’s work has had considerable impact in multiple areas of psychology

Applied Value
Enabled educators to design better programs, helped to understand psychopathology of individuals, has been used to treat phobias and understand aggression. Overall, very good.

Question 27

Bandura’s work implications for therapy

Answer 27

Show to decrease anxiety by having models interact with fear objects such as animal and test phobias (As long as the models also could be empathetic and explain that they also suffered but got better)

Note: In the Whirlpool elderly experiment, group modeling was not effective but indicidual was

Question 28

Bandura’s Work on Personality Development

Answer 28

1. Children imitate their parents, authority figures and peers.
2. Children can also get modeling from books and video games
3. Children will model reward patterns of a model such as if a model rewards themselves, they will also reward themselves