Banduea (transmission of aggression)

Question 1

When was the Albert Bandura carried out?

Answer 1

1961

Question 2

What doe the word health organisation believe? Albert Bandura

Answer 2

That Our early experiences really shape who we are.
The world health organisation believes that the time from pregnancy to 8 years old is the most important time for development of a person in terms of long term development.

Question 3

Background?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 3

Tabula Rasa (“”Blank Slate”) is the theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content, therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception. This is the behaviourist approach.

Question 4

Albert Bandura’s
What is the social learning theory?

Answer 4

Bandura believes that children learn and develop by watching others around them.

Bandura’s social learning theory is also known as ‘observational learning’

Question 5

Conditioning meaning?, Albert Bandura

Answer 5

Means that we learn to act in a certain way because past experiences have taught us to behave in a certain manner to either do or not do something.

Another word for ‘learning’

Question 6

Model meaning?, Albert Bandura

Answer 6

the person whose behaviour is being imitated or learning from.

Question 7

Modelling meaning?, Albert Bandura

Answer 7

process by which takes place (when we copy the behaviour of the model)

Question 8

Vicarious Learning?, Albert Bandura

Answer 8

Learning through Vicarious reinforcement, is our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors for which others are being rewarded
Example: Someone getting compliments for wearing x clothing from x brand so that other person will buy that same clothing from that same brand.

Vicarious learning occurs through observation of other’s behaviour. We need to copy positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes.

Positive and negative reinforcements

Question 9

Background?, Albert Bandura

Answer 9

Social learning theory suggests that behaviors can be learned through vicarious learning.

Previous research has shown that children will readily imitate behavior demonstrated by an adult model if the model remains present. Also they are more likely to copy a same sex model if a choice is presented (Bandura & Hudson, 1961)

Question 10

Aim?, Albert Bandura

Answer 10

To demonstrate that learning can occur through simple observation of a model and that the imitated (learned) behaviour can be observed in the obscene (Important point) of that model.

Question 11

Sampling, Participants and Experimental Design?

Answer 11

Using a poster, recruited 36 boys and 36 girls aged between 3 to 6 years old from Stanford University’s Nursery School.

Before the experiment - Children assessed for levels of aggressiveness (Observing the children in open play and rating their aggressive behaviour using a ‘coding frame’, two independent observers (Two people watching); working single-blind and inter-rater reliability tested).

Single Blind - Researchers don’t tell the participants (and those involved in the study) if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment.

Inter-rator reliability - two or more researchers looking at something (makes it more reliable)

The children were then matched across groups by gender, age and measured aggressiveness; to create a matched pairs design.

Question 12

Hypothesis,, Albert Bandura

Answer 12

1- Children shown aggressive models will show significantly more imitative aggressive acts resembling those of their models than those shown non-aggressive or no models.

2- shown non-aggressive, subdued models will show significantly less aggressive behavior than those shown aggressive or no models.

3- Boys will show significantly more imitative aggression than girls.

4- Children will imitate same-sex model haviour to a greater degree than opposite-sex behaviour.

Question 13

Research method and IV’s ?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 13

Experiments: laboratory experiment
method: matched pairs design

IV:
Weather the child witnessed an aggressive or a non-aggressive adult model in the first phase of the experiment (a control group was not exposed to an adult model)
The sex of the model (male or female)
The sex of the child (boy or girl)

DV:
The DV was the observed amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by the child in phase 3, measured by the male model and a 2nd researcher observing each child through a one-way mirror and recording at 5 second internals (time sampling): displays of imitative aggressive actions, partially imitative and/or non-aggressive actions in the absence of the model.
He fully operationalised the DV.

Question 14

Materials used?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 14

3ft high bobo doll

Aggressive toys:
Mallet
Dart gun

Non-aggressive toys:
Tea set
Toy cars
Dolls

Question 15

procedures?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 15

1- Experimental ‘who observed an aggressive model’
2- Experimental ‘who observed a non-aggressive model’
3- Control group ‘who did not observe a model’

Phase 1 (excluding the control group)

The children in the experimental conditions were individually taken in a room and sat at a table to play with prints and picture stickers.
The children whilst playing, could observe the ‘aggressive model’ assembling some toys, after which the ‘model’ began to physically and verbally abuse the bobo doll or the ‘non-aggressive model’ assembling the same toys quietly and totally ignoring the bobo doll.
Each child has the same timed exposure (10 mins) to model and observed either the same non-aggressive actions (standardised procedures)

Phase 2 (including the control group)
Next, all the children were taken individually to an ante-room* and subjected to mild aggressive arousal.
*Ante room= waiting room
Initially they were allowed to play with some very attractive toys but after about 2 mins the experimenter took the toys away saying they were reserved for the other children (this was to achieve arousal)
However, they were then told that they could play with any of the toys they liked in the main room.

Phase 3 (including the control group)
The children were taken individually into the 3rd room, which contained both aggressive and nonaggressive toys.
The children were observed through a 1-way mirror for 20 mins whist observer recorded behavior (with independent, inter-scorer reliabilities of +.90 product agreed about the observed behaviors) in the following categories:
A- Imitative aggression (physical, verbal and non-aggressive speech)
B- Partially Imitative aggression.
C- Non-Imitative physical and/or verbal aggression
D- Non-aggressive behavior.

Question 16

Findings?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 16

1- Children in the aggressive showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggressive behavior, than children in the non-aggressive or control condition.

2- Children in the aggressive condition showed more partial imitation and non-imitative physical and verbal aggression than those in the non aggressive or control conditions. Results here were however not always significant.

3- Children in the non aggressive condition showed very little aggression, although results were not always significantly less than the control group.

4- Children who saw the same sex model imitated the model’s behavior significantly more in the more in the following categories:
A- Boys imitated male models more than girls for physical and verbal aggression, non-imitative aggression and gunplay.
B- Girls imitated female models more than boys for verbal imitative aggression and non-imitative aggression. However, the results were not significant.
C- The behavior of the male model exerted greater influence than the female model.
D- Overall, the boys in the study produced more initiative aggression than girls.

Simplified findings:
Children imitated aggressive or non-aggressive behaviour (physical and verbal) on which model they had observed.
This imitative behaviour was in the absence of the model
There was no difference in behaviour between the children in the non-aggressive condition and the control group.
Overall, boys are more physically aggressive than girls and girls are more verbally aggressive than boys.

Question 17

Conclusions?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 17

1-
Children will imitate aggressive/non-aggressive behaviours displayed by adult models, even if the model is not present.

2-
Children can learn behaviour through observation and imitation

3-
Behaviour modelled by male adults has a greater influence by a female adult.

4-
Both boys and girls are more likely to learn highly masculine-typed behaviour such as physical aggression from a male adult rather than a female.

5-
Boys and girls are likely to learn verbal aggression form a same-sex adult.

Question 18

Evaluation?,, Albert Bandura

Answer 18

It is empirical (similar result every time), it is pre tested children for levels of aggression. However we don’t know how long the aggression behaviour lasted.

It is a standardised procedure and it is also highly replicable.

Sample of kids doesn’t tell us if adults will behave so limited. Sample on 6 kids in each condition (so very small)

Laboratory experiment (control, ecological validity)

It is objective because it is Inter-rator reliability but it is subjective because it doesn’t apply to every child.

Question 19

Ethics?, Albert Bandura

Answer 19

Informed constent: Bandura did get informed consent for the children’s parents, but how much did the parents know in advance and did the children have the right to withdraw?
Deception: There was no obvious deception.
Confidentiality: The children’s identities were not publicised (but it was filmed and these are still on youtube)
Emotional or physical harm: There was no physical harm. However, there is some criticism that Bandura may have affected the children’s emotional state short and/or long-term (maybe he should have reverse conditional them?)
Debriefing: the parents might have been briefed.

Generalisation:
This theory has been carried out/ replicated in many different countries and without fail has achieved the same similar results.

Nature/nurture (how we grow up):
At first glance this study is based on nurture.
However when we look at the results of the study and find that boys are seen to be more aggressive than girls, this could be to do with nature.
E.g. The biological explanation that boys have more testosterone than girls (there is a lot of research that link high testosterone levels to aggression)

Free will and determinism
We need to ask the question that if children are exposed to aggressive role models how much of it is out of their control and how free will they have?

Another consideration is that female aggression was not imitated to the extent that aggression shown by male role models are. This indicates that some choices were being made by the children regarding acceptable behaviour.

On the other hand if there is a biological determinism would explain why boys were more aggressive than girls due to the levels of testosterone.

How useful is the study to real life?
9pm watershed on TV
Other censorships for tv and films etc.