Banduar

Question 1

Define social learning.

Answer 1

This involved observing other people’s behaviour (particularly role models we look up to) and imitating those behaviours.

Question 2

What was the background to Bandura’s study?

Answer 2

• The predominant thought at the time about the effects on children seeing adult behaviour was that children would imitate behaviours shown by an adult models but this was restricted to children imitating whilst the adult was still present.
• It was also thought that watching aggression would be cathartic and we would therefore be less likely to display aggressive behaviour if we had watched for example a violent film.

Question 3

What was the aim of Bandura’s study?

Answer 3

To see whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour, even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original ‘model’ they observed performing the behaviour was no longer present.

Question 4

What were the four hypotheses in Bandura’s study?

Answer 4

• Children exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of their models.
• Observing non-aggressive adults would inhibit the children’s behaviour and they would display less aggression than control groups who did not witness any model.
• Children would imitate behaviour of a same-sex model more than a model of the opposite sex.
• • Boys would show more aggression that girls. * check

Question 5

What was the research method in Bandura’s study?

Question 6

What was the sampling method in Bandura’s study?

Answer 6

• Opportunity sampling
• Bandura’s participants were the children who happened to be enrolled at Stanford University nursery.

Question 7

What was the sample in Bandura’s study?

Answer 7

• 72 children enrolled at Stanford University Nursery
• 36 boys and 36 girls
• Aged 37 - 69 months (mean age of 52 months)

Question 8

What is a mathed participants design?

Answer 8

Matching participants on key characteristics and then allocating into conditions based on these.

Question 9

What were children matched on in Bandura’s study?

Answer 9

• Pre - aggression level
• Mean age
• Sex

Question 10

How were pre-existing levels of aggression determined in Bandura’s study?

Answer 10

• The teacher and the experimenter observed each child in their social interactions at the nursery using four five-point rating scales.
  - Physical aggression
  - Verbal aggression
  - Aggression towards inanimate objects
  - Aggression inhibition

Question 11

How did the researchers allocate children to the different conditions in Bandura’s study?

Answer 11

• Once they had been allocated an aggression score the children were out into a triplet with those who had similar aggression scores.
• The triplets were then split up randomly so there was one in each condition.

Question 12

What is an advantage of using a matched participants design in Bandura’s study?

Answer 12

• Stops pre-existing levels of aggression affecting the results.

Question 13

What are two disadvantages of using a matched participants design in Bandura’s study?

Answer 13

• Very time consuming.
• Sometimes a match can’t be made.

Question 14

What is the dependent variable in Bandura’s study.

Answer 14

Whether the chi,deren imitated aggressive behaviour (number of aggressive acts).

Question 15

What were the independent variables in Bandura’s study?

Answer 15

• Type of model
• Sex of child
• Sex of model

Question 16

What were the five different model conditions in Bandura’s study?

Answer 16

• Aggressive male model
• Aggressive female model
• Non-aggressive male model
• Non-aggressive female model
• No model (control)

Question 17

How many children were in each group in Bandura’s study.

Answer 17

• 24 in the control group
• 6 in each other subgroup (e.g. male children with aggressive male model, male children with aggressive female model etc…)

Question 18

Describe stage one of the procedure in the aggressive model conditions in Bandura’s study?

Answer 18

• Each child was taken individually to a room where they were taken to a table and given toys to play with including potato printing and stickers.
• The model then sat at another table which had tinker toys, a Bobo doll and a mallet.
• The model played with the tinker toys for one minute and then turned to the Bobo doll.
• The model produced a pre-determined sequence of aggressive physical acts and verbal aggression towards the Bobo doll for about nine minutes.

Question 19

Describe stage one of the procedure in the non-aggressive model conditions in Bandura’s study?

Answer 19

• Each child was taken individually to a room where they were taken to a table and given toys to play with including potato printing and stickers.
• The model then sat at another table which had tinker toys, a Bobo doll and a mallet.
• The model played with the tinker toys and ignored the Bobo doll.

Question 20

Describe stage one of the procedure in the control model conditions in Bandura’s study?

Answer 20

• The control group had no prior exposure to the adult models.

Question 21

How long was stage one of the procedure in Bandura’s study?

Answer 21

Roughly ten minutes

Question 22

Describe stage two of the procedure in Bandura’s study?

Answer 22

• The children were taken to a smaller room by the experimenter where there were some attractive toys.
• The child was told that they could play with these toys, but once the child has settled in to playing (about 2 minutes) the experimenter came in and told the child that these were her very best toys and not just anyone could play with them and she had decided to keep them for the other children. However, there were some other toys in another room that the child could play with.

Question 23

What is stage two known as in Bandura’s study?

Answer 23

• Mild aggression arousal stage

Question 24

How long was stage one of the procedure in Bandura’s study?

Answer 24

Roughly two minutes

Question 25

Describe stage three of the procedure in Bandura’s study?

Answer 25

• All children were taken back to the main experimental room one-by-one and observed by the male model through a one-way mirror.
• A record was made every 5 seconds of the behaviour being shown by each child.

Question 26

What were the behaviours recorded in stage three of Bandura’s study?

Answer 26

• Imitative behaviour of physical or verbal aggression
• Partial imitative behaviour if aggression
• Novel aggressive behaviour

Question 27

How was inter-rated reliability created in stage three of Bandura’s study. check

Answer 27

• Half the children also had their behaviour in this stage scored independent by a second observed.
• The records from the two observers were then compares for consistency and this was found to be good (indicating high inter-rated reliability.

Question 28

What were some examples of physically aggressive behaviour shown by the aggressive model in Bandura’s study?

Answer 28

• Kicking and punching the Bobo doll.
• Hitting the Bibi doll with a mallet.
• Sitting on the Bobo doll and punching it.
• Throwing the Bobo doll.

Question 29

What were some examples of verbally aggressive behaviour shown by the aggressive model in Bandura’s study?

Answer 29

• “Pow”
• “Hit him down”
• “Kick him”

Question 30

What were some examples of verbally non-aggressive behaviour shown by the aggressive model in Bandura’s study?

Answer 30

• “He keeps coming back for me”
• “He sure is a tough fella”