Ballast Review Flashcards
Look @ occupancy chart
Will do
Min clr floor space for 1 wheelchair
30x48
Occupancy load factors are based on
Net or gross floor area, depending on occupancy group
Max distance object may protrude into path of travel
4”
Duck size designations use ___ 1st and ____ second
Width by depth
The standard for exit width requirement is
.2 inches per person
An exit door must have a clear width of at least
32 inches
Height of the handrail for barrier free design
34 to 38 inches , measured from the nosing of the stair
1:12 ramp max rise is
30 in
1:8 ramp maximum rise
3 inches
Normal sequence of drawings
Site plan, civil, architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, electrical
The design strength of the final mix of concrete is determined after
28 days
Requires a material or product to be compliant with an independent testing
Reference specification
Defines the standard scope of services
B141
Bricklaying. One course has short sides next course has long sides
English bond
Bricklaying: each rack alternates longside short side and each course centers on the next
Flemish bond
Addenda are issued
Prior to bid
Quest for substitution must be received ___ days before the bid date
10
- change order
- construction change directive
- written order for minor change
- written amendment to the contract signed by both parties
Modification
- Acts on behalf of the principal to perform certain duties to third-party
- can legally bind principal
Agent
Contractor is an example of a
- Vendor
- supplies a specific product at a fixed price
Fast track
One part needs to start before the other ones are designed
Many prime contract
Advantages of using a CM
Early advice on constructibility
Early cost estimating/value analysis
Project scheduling
Professional management of multiple contracts
* in some cases guaranteed maximum price/completion date
Disadvantages of CM
Extra costs
More complicated management structure
A.k.a. stipulated sum/lump sum
Owner not responsible for cost overruns
Owner sees no savings if it comes in under budget
Fixed price
Price guaranteed by contractor
Owner see savings if project comes in under budget
GMP
Cost-plus fee
Actual cost
Plus fees set before contract signing
Design build
O + 1 entity design and construction
- May hire architects as subcontractors
- maybe a joint venture between A/C
- May subcontract both A/C
Advantages of design build
Single source of responsibility
Owner has fixed-price early
Total time usually reduced
Disadvantages of design build
- Owner has less control over design
Can be disagreements about what is included - Design build firm has control over material quality & construction methods
- To get what’s needed, client must develop specific performance requirements
In design build owner can hire architect as advisor to:
- Set up performance requirements
- Evaluate design build firm’s
- Administer contract
- Evaluate progress of work
Initial information
- project objectives
- owner’s program
- physical, legal, financial and time parameters
- Key personnel
- to encourage communication at beginning of project
Owner and contractor are supposed to communicate through
The architect
Owners responsibilities
Provide program
Land surveys
Geotechnical services
Privity
One party is protected from claims from another party where there’s no contractual relationship
Date of commencement can be either:
1) A fixed date in the contract
2) when receive “notice-to-proceed” letter
Substantial completion
When owner can use or occupy project
Retainage is typically
10%
Competitive bidding always uses
Stipulated sum
Advantages of cost-plus fee
More flexibility
Allow construction to proceed prior to final design
Unit prices are used for
Portions of projects but not usually whole projects
Who pays for the copy of the drawings and project manual
Owner
O has right to carry out Work if C fails to do so according to the CD’s. Procedure is
7 days written notice for C to begin
+3 days written notice that O will fix work if C fails to begin
*A must approve O’s actions to carry out the work, as well as amount charged
If C knowingly observes error or omission in contract documents or discrepancy with known regulation
They assume full responsibility for such work
Contractor wants to make a substitution
Must have consent of the owner, after evaluation by the architect, and in accordance with change order
Warranty clause is separate and distinct from
The one year correction period
Who pays for the building permit, weather permits, governmental fees, licenses, and inspections necessary after the execution of the contract?
Contractor
Are allowances included or excluded in the contractors contract sum?
Included
Contractor must maintain up-to-date, on site
Record documents
Indemnify
Secure against loss or damage,
To hold harmless
The architects decisions concerning matters related to aesthetic effect are final if
They’re consistent with the intent shown on the contract documents
Construction change directive
Contractor must proceed with required changes
Final cost / time changes submitted by contractor
Agreed to by architect and owner, then change order is issued
Frequency of application for payment is typically
Monthly
Mechanics lien
The claim against the property of another
for the satisfaction of a debt
If a property carries a mechanics lien it cannot
Be sold
Except by foreclosure
If hazardous materials are found the contractor must
Stop work and report the conditions to the owner and architect in writing
Architects professional liability insurance policies exclude
Giving advice on insurance and bonds
Bonds are a protection for
The owner
against default
by the contractor
The only person that can except nonconforming work, as long as it meets code, is
The Owner
- advantage is contract sun may be reduced
Contractor may terminate the contract if work has stopped for more than
30 days, through no fault of the contractor.
7 days written notice on top of the 30 days is required.
Additional items that may be included in the Supplementary Conditions are
- Permission for the architect to furnish the contractor with instruments of service in electronic form
- Additional information and services provided by the owner
- Cost for the architect to review the contractors request for submissions
- Provisions for the owner, instead of the contractor, to pay for utilities
- Requirement that the contractor employ a superintendent to coordinate mechanical and electrical work
- Provisions for fast-track scheduling
- Reimbursement by the contractor for extra site visits by the architect, made necessary by the fault of the contractor
- Additional protection for the owner against claims for additional time or for consequential damages
- Requirements for more detailed information on costs and overhead
- Additional requirements for payment procedures
- Requirements for liquidated damages and bonuses
- Additional requirements for bonding and insurance
Supplementary conditions of the contract
Modify the general conditions to accommodate different clients, governmental regulations, and local laws
Special conditions
Are a separate section to describe conditions that are unique to a particular project or site.
For most public agencies what type of bidding is mandatory
Open bidding
- advertising for bids is usually required
Two ways to notify perspective bidders
1, newspapers and trade journals
2, invitation to bid
Addenda
Written or graphic document issued by the architect
prior to the execution of the contract
When addenda is issued it is sent to
All registered bidders not later than 4 days before receipt of bids
Pre-bid conference
Meeting with A/O and bidders
- answers to significant questions should be formalized in an addendum
Bids received after the opening time should not be excepted unless
None of the bids have been opened and there are no objections from those bidders present
Architect reviews bids and a decision is awarded within usually
10 days
If a bidder discovers a mathematical error has been made
They can usually withdraw the bid
If all bids exceed project budget and the owner architect agreement fixes a limit on construction the owner has four choices:
- to rebid
- To authorize an increase in the construction cost and proceed
- to work with the architect in revising the scope of the project to reduce cost
- to abandon the project
Bidding documents and construction documents are
Not the same thing
Bidding documents usually include
The advertisement or invitation to bid
Instructions to bidders
Supplementary instructions to bidders
Bid forms
Bid security information
Performance bond, if required
Labor and material payment bond, if required
Bidding documents are not part of
Contract documents
Instructions to Bidders:
- Bidders representations
- bidding documents
- interpretation or correction bidding documents
- substitutions
- addenda
- bidding procedures
- modification or withdrawal of bid
- consideration of bids
- post bid information
- performance bond and payment bond
If bidders require more information they must contact the architect in writing this many days prior to the bid date
Seven days
Bidders representation:
Materials have been understood
Bid is based on bid documents without exception
Bidding documents:
Where documents may be obtained
How many sets
Amount deposit
Deposit for bid documents is returned if documents are returned within
10 days after bids
Interpretation or correction of bidding documents:
report any errors, inconsistencies, or ambiguities discovered.
if clarification is needed, written request seven days prior to bid date
Substitutions:
Must submit request for approval at least 10 days prior to bid date
Proof of merit of substitution by contractor
Addenda must be issued no later then
4 days prior to bid date
Bidding procedures:
How bid forms are to be filled in
What bid security is needed
Procedure for submitting the bid
Modification or with drawl of bid
As long as before designated big time
Owner has the right to reject bids
For any reason
Post bid information
Contractors qualification statement
Names of manufacturers
Names of subs
If the successful bidder requests owner must show
Reasonable evidence that financial arrangements have been made
A standard bid form is used to
Make it easier to compare and evaluate bids
Bids are written in both
Numbers and words
- words trump numbers
Bid security may be in the form of
And amount
Bid bond
Certified check
Cashiers check
*5% bid amount
Purpose of bid security is
Cover the cost between difference of low bid and the next lowest bid, if the bidder fails to enter into an agreement
Performance bond
Surety will complete construction should contractor default
- usually mandatory on public work
Labor and material payment bond
Protects owner from liens by guaranteeing payment
Architect reviews submittals for
Conformance with information given and design intent
not responsible for accuracy of measurements , completeness of details , quantity, or fabrication or installation procedure
Minor change
No change in sum or time
consistent with contract documents
If the architect volunteers suggestions or directions concerning construction means and techniques in regard to safety issues
The architect may also assume legal responsibility
Unlike a trial, arbitration decisions can not be
Appealed
The arbitrator is knowledgeable in
The construction industry
Contractor must submit to the architect and notarized application for payment ___ days before the date established for each payment in the owner contractor agreement
10 days
The amount due to the contractor at each periodic payment is based on
The schedule of values of the contractor submits to the architect after the award of the contract, allocating the total sum to specific portions of the work.
Before the final certificate for payment can be issued, the contractor must submit to the architect The following
- and affidavit that all debts have been paid
- certificate of insurance remaining will not be canceled or expire without at least 30 days written notice to the owner
- written statement that no reason insurance not renewable
- consent of surety to final payment
- releases and waivers of liens
Who issues the certificate of substantial completion
The architect
At completion contractor must submit to the owner following items
- all warranties, instructions, certificates of inspection, and bonds
- A set of record drawings if required by the owner contractor agreement
- certificate of occupancy as issued by the building department
- extra materials per specification
Who issues certificate of occupancy
Building department
Architect services may terminate when
Final certificate for payment is issued
