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Module 2 > Bacteriophage > Flashcards

Bacteriophage Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

viruses that infect and kill only bacteria- not mammalian or plant cells

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2
Q

What was the first phage therapy application?

A

in early 20th centry to treat severe dysentery

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3
Q

Why has there been increased interest in bacteriophages?

A

antibiotic resistnace

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4
Q

How are bacteriophages commonly used?

A

antibacterial food additives

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5
Q

Why are bacteriophages useful in the brain?

A

they are able to cross the BBB- can be used as a therapeutic agent to deliver drugs to the brain

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6
Q

How have bacteriophages been used in neurodegeneration?

A

can target amyloid which lead to the cloning of hte phage tip and the discovery of the GAIM motif and the engineering to create a fusion protein drug for Alzheimers

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7
Q

What are the 2 groups of bacteriophages?

A

tailed and filamentous

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8
Q

What type of DNA do tailed bacteriophages have?

A

dsDNA

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9
Q

What type of DNA do filamentous bacteriophages have?

A

circular single-stranded DNA

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10
Q

What is the receptor for filamentous phase attachment?

A

tip of the pilus

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11
Q

What is the coreceptor for filamentous bacteriophages?

A

TolA-D3

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12
Q

How is a complementary strand of DNA formed once the filamentous DNA is inside the cell?

A

synthesised by bacterial enzymes

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13
Q

What is the parental replicative form?

A

a supercoiled dsDNA

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14
Q

What is phage display?

A

molecular technique for synthesising polypeptides with novel charactersitics

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15
Q

What is the structure of a bacteriophage?

A

genetic material encapsidated by a protein coat

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16
Q

What are the 2 methods by which phages can infect propagate?

A

lytic life cycle and lysogenci life cycle

17
Q

What type of phage has a lysogenic lifecycle?

A

temperate phages- integrate genome into host and replicate wtih the host for many generations

18
Q

What is the main advantage of phages in antibacterial therapy?

A

specificity for target bacteria reduces the damage to normal flora of the host greatly; they evolve naturally to infect the resistant bacteria

19
Q

What is one of the concerns about the use of phage therapy?

A

strong antibody response would clear the phages and prevent theri use for extended period of time; narrow host ranges; not always lytic under certain physiological conditions; may impart toxic properties to the bacteria resulting in virulence

20
Q

How does phage display work?

A

DNA that encodes the poypeptides is fused with phage coat protein genes adn the desired protein is expressed on the surface of the pahge particle

21
Q

What can phago display libraries be used for?

A

screening and isolation of peptides that are highly specific and which have affinity for target proteins- e.g in drug design- acting as an agonist or inhibiting receptor ligand interaction

22
Q

How haas phage display been used in cocaine addiction?

A

administered nasally and make their way to CNS when the displayed Fab dragment binds to the cocaine molecule and inhibits its action on the brain

23
Q

What is phage typing?

A

use of sensitivity patterns of specific phages for precisely identifying the microbial strains

24
Q

Why are phages a good potential for gene therapy?

A

ability to display foreign proteins on their surfaces enables them to target specific cell types

25
Q

How can phages be used as vehicles for vaccine delivery?

A

can be used to directly carry the vaccine antignes expressed on their surfaces

26
Q

What is the benefit of using phages for DNA vaccines?

A

the coat protects DNA from degradation and as it acts like a virus it would target hte vaccine to APCs

27
Q

How can antigens be displayed on phage surface in vaccination?

A

conjugated directly or antigen gene fused to phage coat protein gene

28
Q

Why are adeno-associated viruses useful for gene therapy?

A

insert their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19

29
Q

What is cancer gene therapy?

A

delivery of therapetic genes to tumours e.g cytotoxic genes; tumour suppressor genes

30
Q

What are the limitations of eukaryotic viral vectors?

A

undesired uptake by the liver; uptake the reticuloendothelial system; broad tropism and normal tissue toxicity; presence of antiviral neutralising antibodies; yields of production at clinical sclae

31
Q

What is a new system for targeted systemic gene delivery?

A

novel hybrid vector- AAV/phage– allows phage to survive in the cell

32
Q

How have AAVP been used so far?

A

to eradicate cancer in pet dogs by combinindg AAVP-TNFa to target tumour vasculature

Module 2 (38 decks)

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