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Microbiology > Bacteriology Lecture Wk5 > Flashcards

Bacteriology Lecture Wk5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wonder of a Microbes

A

Comprise 60% biomass on planet : outweigh us by factor 10^8
~10 x more living on/in human than human cells. 10^22
3.5 billion years to adapt to environments on earth.
Existed 1000 times longer than our species.
20-30 mins to replicate
20-30 years for us
500,000 generations during our 1 generation

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2
Q

Bacteria forms of lives

A

Viruses
Prokaryotes = bacteria - microscopic membrane bound organelles -
Eukaryotes - have nucleus
Archaea- independent evolutionary

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3
Q

Viewing bacterial cells

A

Light microscopy - bright-field microscopy
Have to stain

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4
Q

Viewing bacterial cells

A

Crystal violet
Methylene blue
Safranin
Gram-positive - blue
Gram-negative - red - safranin

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5
Q

Phase-contrast microscopy light

A

Bright field
Phase contrast microscope - improve contrast (dont have to stain)

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6
Q

Fluorescence

A

Bright-field
Phase-contrast
Fluorescence - requires genetic engineering - to make protein glow certain colour

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7
Q

Electron microscopy - SEM, TEM

A

Scanning electron microscopy - only see surface
Transmission electron microscopy - can see organelles internal content
Riga
SEM of streptomycin’s spore surface

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8
Q

Bacterial cell shape

A

Straight lines-Bacillus
Palisades
Circles-Coccus
Diplo-
Staph(ylo)-
Strep(to)-
Tetrad
Curved/spiral -Vibrio
Spirilla
Spirochete
Oval-Pleiomorphic

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9
Q

Bacilli (rod) bacillus, palisades

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium striatum
Bacillus megaterium

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10
Q

Cocci - coccus, diplo-, staph(ylo)- strep(to)- tetrad

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus - see chain shapes
Micrococcus leteus

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11
Q

Curvy, spiral shape - vibrio spirilla spirochete

A

Vibrio cholerae
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Helicobacter pylori
Treponema pallidum
Spirillum volutans
Campylobacter jenuni
Borrelia Burgdorferi

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12
Q

Gram-positive
Cytoplasmic membrane
Peptidoglycan

A

Gram-negative
Outer membrane
Extra layers beyond outer membrane

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Inclusion body
Ribosome
Chromosome

Gram-positive
Mesosome

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14
Q

Cytoplasm - Bacterial cytoskeleton

A

Spherical shape- FtsZ protein
Rod - FtsZ, MreB
Vibrioid - FtsZ, MreB, Crescentin (CreS)
Coccus shape= require more structure

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15
Q

Cytoplasm - Bacteria nucleoid

A

Bacterial has no dna membrane
Has Supercoiled DNA

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16
Q

Cytoplasm - comparison of genome size

A

Mycoplasma : ~0.6 Mb
Bifidobacteria :~2Mb
Staphylococci :2.8-3Mb
Esherichia : 4.5-5Mb
Actinomycetes : 8-9Mb = 2x bigger DNA, smaller size of cell
Yeast : ~14 Mb

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17
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Plasmid dna Cary gene important for virulence.

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18
Q

Ribosome (= rRNA) target of antibiotics (gene expression - making protein) inhibited = cell cant grow

A

erythromycin, chloramphenicol
streptomycin, gentamycin

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19
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Gas vesicles
Magnetosomes

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20
Q

Cell envelope

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative

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21
Q

Bacterial cell structure - membrane (= cytoplasmic membrane)

A

Lipid bilayer = phospholipid bilayer
No sterol = stabilizer but hopanoid
Diverse range of fatty acids

22
Q

Membrane = (cytoplasmic membrane)

A

Permeability barrier between intracellular and extra cellular spaces

23
Q

Membrane (= cytoplasmic membrane)

A

Site of generation and dissipation of the proton motive force

24
Q

Outer membrane

A

Only present in gram-negative bacteria
-composition is distinct from cytoplasmic membrane (symmetric lipid bilayer)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), porin lipoprotein

25
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) = (lipoglycan or endotoxin) only present in gram-negatives

A

Structural integrity, classification

26
Q

Outer membrane - porins

A

Only present in gram-negatives
Threemaric structure
Filtering purpose = large molecule cant go through.

27
Q

Outer membranes

A

Lipoproteins
Protein attached to lipid, non covalentyl assembled with Cys-linked acrylic chains

28
Q

Cell wall (= peptidoglycan or Murein)

A

-giving cell rigidity, maintain cell shape
- multiple layers of peptidoglycan, mesh like 3-D structure

29
Q

Peptidoglycan building block

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

30
Q

Mature peptidoglycan
Transpeptidases

A

Immature peptidoglycan
Transglycosylases - polymerises sugars

31
Q

Peptidoglycan : bacterial taxonomic indicator

A
32
Q

Gram staining

A

1st stage, fixation of cell to slide
Stain with crystal violet
Fixating crystal violet
Washing off
Stain with red dye (counter dye)
Safranin (pink)= gram negative
Crystal violet (purple)=gram positive

33
Q

Cell wall with teichoic acids

A

Only present in gram-positive bacteria

34
Q

Periplasm

A

In between outer and cytoplasmic membrane

35
Q

Other cell surface structures outside cell wall

A

Capsules : well-organised layers, not easy to wash off
-slime layers : unorganised, easily removable

36
Q

Fimbriae,

A
37
Q

pili

A
38
Q

flagella

A

Up to 20 nm thick, hollow + helical structure
Gives cell locomotion
Monotrichous - 1
Lophotrichous- multiple on one end
Amphitrichous- both ends
Petrichous - all around

39
Q

Flagella structure filament hook and basal body

A

Gram-negative - more complex - more rings

Gram-positive
Filament
Basal body
Hook
Fleli protein

40
Q

Flagella biosynthesis

A
41
Q

Flagella mobility “run” “tumble” ‘Peritrichous’ flagellation type

A

Run bundle of flagellum together, spinning
Tumble = change direction

42
Q

Flagella mobility “run” “tumble” ‘Lophotrichous’ flagellation type

A

Amphitrichous
Bipolar lophotrichous

43
Q

-Flagellum : Monotrichous flagellation type

A

Reversible - can reverse = change direction of spinning)

Unidirectional - change direction to go back (has to turn around)

44
Q

Gliding bacteria : no flagella, slowe/smoother. Required contact of cell with surface

A

Gliding motility by producing slimes
Gliding mobility by producing proteins - attach to surface= pull cell to move

45
Q

Flagella and chemotaxis

A

Sense chemical changes - important
No gradient: random movement

Can swim up Gradient: directed movement

46
Q

Flagella and chemotaxis : chemotactic response of bacterial cells

A

Tested by capillary tube
After 9 hour in agar containing II
Serine ring - outer ring - not experiencing gradient of chemical differences
Aspartame ring- inside ring- cells experienced chemical gradients = cells gone through this area
Useful want to know what chemicals bacteria use.

47
Q

-Flagella and chemotaxis : the measurement of chemotactic response of E. coli in liquid culture

A

Inoculation —> control = no gradient , repellents, attractants
Less cells in tube, more cells in tube

48
Q

-Flagella and chemotaxis : different receptor in E. coli Che system (MCP) methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins

A

Signalling and altering the tumbling frequency

49
Q

-Flagella and chemotaxis : regulation of receptor

A

methylated MCPs : no response to attractant
non-methylated MCPs : response to attractant
CheW CheA cytoplasmic protein

50
Q

-Flagella and chemotaxis : regulation of flagella

A

Tumble - spinning - cant go forward
Swim

Microbiology (9 decks)

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