Bacteriology Exam 1 Material Flashcards
1
Q
Strains within a species with distinctive antigenic properties are known as ___________
A
serovars
Ex: Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona
2
Q
T/F: Capsule, flagella, and pili are present in all bacteria
A
False
3
Q
What is the site of translation in a bacterial cell?
A
ribosomes
4
Q
The genetic material of the bacterial cell is called the:
A
chromosome
5
Q
Flagella are composed of a protein called _________
A
flagellin
6
Q
What type of flagella are present in the image?
A
Peritrichous flagellum
7
Q
What type of flagella are present in the image?
A
Amphitrichous flagellum
8
Q
Woah, nice flagella!
What type of flagella are present in the image?
A
Lophotrichous flagellum
9
Q
What type of flagella are present in the image?
A
Monotrichous flagellum
10
Q
__________ are short, hair-like structures on the surfaces of prokaryotic cells
A
**Fimbriae, **or pili
11
Q
Fimbriae are very common in Gram-_________ bacteria
A
Fimbriae are very common in Gram-negative bacteria
Fimbriae are most often involved in adherence of bacteria to surfaces, substrates and other cells or tissues in nature.
12
Q
The Gram-__________ cell wall is mainly composed of peptidoglycan
A
The Gram-positive cell wall is mainly composed of peptidoglycan
13
Q
The capsule of *Bacilllus anthracis *is composed of:
A
poly-D-glutamate
this is one of the principal virulence factors during anthrax infection
14
Q
Bacterial **murein **is a unique type of ____________
A
Peptidoglycan
15
Q
Which feature distinguishes bacteria from archaea?
A
The cell walls of archaea do not contain murein!!!
16
Q
The cells walls of archaea do not contain _________. This feature distinguishes archaea from bacteria.
A
murein
17
Q
The Gram-positive cell wall contains a unique group of molecules called __________ acids
A
teichoic acids
18
Q
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria invariably contains ____________, which is toxic to animals
A
Lipopolysaccharide
**(LPS **or* *endotoxin)
19
Q
The toxic component of endotoxin (LPS) is:
A
Lipid A
20
Q
Most bacteria reproduce by:
A
binary fission
(each cell increases in size and divides into two cells)
21
Q
the length of time required for a single bacterial cell to yield two daughter cells is called the:
A
generation time
22
Q
involution forms of bacteria can be seen during which stage of bacterial growth?
A
Decline phase
23
Q
Most bacteria use organic chemicals as sources of energy and carbon, and are therefore known as:
A
chemoheterotrophs
24
Q
Name the growth factors that are required for synthesis of nucleic acids
A
Purines and** pyrimidines**
25
Name the growth factor(s) that is/are required for synthesis of proteins
Amino acids
26
Organisms with an optimum growth temperature near 37°C are called:
**mesophiles**
27
Organisms with an optimum growth temperature between about 45°C and 70°C are called:
**thermophiles**
28
Microorganisms which grow at an optimum pH well below neutrality (7.0) are called:
**acidophiles**
29
Microorganisms that grow best under alkaline conditions are called:
alkaliphiles
30
T/F: Bacteria require water for growth
TRUE
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the **universal currency **of energy exchange in biological systems
ATP
32
What are the two ways cells can produce ATP?
**Substrate level phosphorylation** and **Electron transport phosphorylation**
33
Heterotrophic metabolism is driven mainly by two metabolic processes: ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**fermentations** and **respirations**
34
How much ATP and how much NADH is gained (per glucose) at the end of **glycolysis**?
2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose
35
In fermentation, all ATP are produced by:
**substrate level phosphorylation**
36
E. coli have specialized pilus, called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, that stabilizes mating bacteria
**F** or **sex pilus**
37
Gram-positive bacteria have a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is a link of amino acids that link peptides together
**interpeptide bridge**
38
In hypertonic solutions, bacterial cells shrink. An exception to this is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
*Staphylococcus aureus*
39
The segment of a gene with a coding sequence is called a(n):
**Exon**
40
The segments of gene with non-coding sequences are called:
**introns**
41
The Ziehl-Neelsen stain distinguishes what type of bacteria?
* Those with a high peptidoglycan content
* Those that are acid fast positive
* Those that ferment lactose
* Those that have no cell wall
**Those that are acid fast positive**
42
The Gram stain separates bacteria into two groups based on:
* Cell wall composition
* Capsular composition
* Flagellar proteins
* Spore formation
**Cell wall composition**
43
T/F: Infection & disease are synonyms
False
44
Which component of bacterial cells is most influential in the Gram stain?
peptidoglycan
45
What is stained in an acid-fast stain?
mycolic acid (waxy)
| (long cell wall fatty acids)
46
Bacteria that can grow with or without O2 are referred to as:
facultative anaerobes
47
Which of the following microorganisms are prokaryotic?
* Algae
* Bacteria
* Fungi
* Algae & Bacteria
* All of the above
Bacteria
48
What is the major function of ribosomes in bacteria?
* cell wall rigidity
* motility
* protein synthesis
* adherence to host cells
protein synthesis
49
What is the major function of fimbriae in bacteria?
* cell wall rigidity
* motility
* protein synthesis
* adherence to host cells
adherence to host cells
50
T/F: All bacteria have a cell wall
False
51
T/F: Beta hemolysis is complete hemolysis
True
Alpha hemolysis is an alteration of hemoglobin where you would see greening of the blood agar.
52
T/F: Resistant bacteria tend to be more virulent than other, less resistant bacteria
False.
Bacterial resistance does not affect virulence
53
Endotoxins are found in:
* All bacteria
* Gram positive only
* Gram negative only
Endotoxins are found in **Gram-negative bacteria only**
54
Is *Staphylococcus aureus *catalase-positive or catalase-negative?
catalase-positive
55
Which contain **teichoic acids**:
Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
**Gram-positive**
56
The resistance of endospores is attributed largely in part to their high ___________ acid content
**dipicolinic acid**
dipicolinic acid, which is not found in vegetative cells, occurs in the spore wall in combination with large amounts of calcium
57
What is the **universal currency for energy**?
\*\*ATP\*\*
Apparently this has been on every exam
58
Which stage of bacterial growth is there *no increase in bacterial number*?
Stationary phase
59
PCR is the amplification of DNA \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(*in vitro* or *in vivo*)
PCR is the amplification of DNA **_in vitro_**
60
Identify the species of *Microsporum.* How can you tell?
What type of mycoses?
*M. canis*
6 or more cells
cutaneous mycoses
61
Identify the species of *Microsporum*. How can you tell?
What is the natural habitat?
***M. gypseum*** (6 cells or fewer)
Soil reservoir
62
Identify the species of *Microsporum*. How can you tell?
What disease does it cause?
*M. nanum*
2 cells (doesn't look like the others)
**Causes porcine ringworm**
63
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
*Microsporum canis*
64
Which species doesn't lose its hair when infected with ringworm?
Pigs (only species that doesn't)
65
Bovine ringworm is usually caused by:
*Trichophyton verrucosum*
66
*Trichophyton verrucosum*, the major cause of Bovine ringworm, requires __________ and __________ to grow.
**inositol** and **thiamine**
67
Name the genus associated with these classic "shoe-print" yeast cells
*Malassezia* spp.
68
What are the two most common agents of equine dermatophytosis?
*Trichophyton equinum* and *Microsporum gypseum*
69
What are the two forms of fungi?
Yeast & Mold
70
T/F: *Cryptococcus* is dimorphic
False.
71
Which laboratory test would you use to distinguish definitively between *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Streptococcus dysgalactiae*?
Catalase test
72
Feeding a high protein diet is most likely a predisposing factor for *which bacteria in sheep*?
*Cornyebacterium renale*
73
Most bovine ringworm infections are caused by:
*Trichophyton verrucosum*
74
Most porcine ringworm infections are caused by:
*Microsporum nanum*
75
The two most common agents of equine ringworm are:
*Microsporum gypseum *and *Trichophyton equinum*
76
"Woah, look at that sexy **uracil**" is only something that you could say about:
(DNA or RNA)
**RNA**
DNA does not contain uracil
77
"Hey **thymine** you're so fine. You're so fine you blow my mind - hey thymine, hey, hey, hey thymine" is only something that you could say about:
(DNA or RNA)
**DNA**
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a molecular biology procedure for the *in vitro amplification* of DNA
**PCR**
79
PCR relies on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, consisting of cycles of repeated heating & cooling of the reaction for DNA meltins and enzymatic replication of the DNA
**thermal cycling**
80
In gel electrophoresis, the agarose gel is stained with ____________ after the run is complete
**ethidium bromide**
81
Name the two types of asexual fungal spores:
**Sporangiospores**
**Conidia**
82
Name the specimen that you would collect to help diagnose dermatophytosis and oncyomycosis
Hair, skin, and nails
Collect them in a paper envelope (dry conditions inhibit overgrowth of contaminants)
83
Name the specimen you would collect to help diagnose histoplasmosis:
Urine
84
Name the specimen you would collect to help diagnose cryptococcosis
CSF in a sterile tube
85
Name the specimen you would collect to help diagnose systemic mycoses
transtracheal/bronchial washings
86
Name the specimen you would collect to help diagnose **nasal aspergillosis** & **guttural pouch mycosis**
nasal flush in a sterile tube
87
Name the specimen you would collect to help diagnose ocular **blastomycosis**
ocular fluid
88
What species is the primary reservoir for *Microsporum canis?*
cats
89
In dogs, *Malassezia pachydermatis* causes:
**Otitis externa** & **Seborrheic dermatitis**
90
Fungal infections of the hair shaft are termed:
**Piedra**
91
Name the microorganism responsible for **sporotrichosis** in a variety of animals
*Sporothrix schenckii*
92
What is/are the reservoir(s) associated with *Sporothrix schenckii*?
plant material & soil worldwide
93
Regarding *Sporothrix schenckii*:
examination of exudates is not usually very helpful, except in *which species*?
cats.
In cats, the exudate usually contains abundant yeast cells
94
Name the microorganism responsible for these ulcerative pyo- or fibrogranulomatous skin infections in horses & dogs.
The condition is also called "Swamp Cancer" and "Florida Horse Leeches"
***Pythium insidiosum***
95
Chromoblastomycosis is rare in nonhuman mammals. Large (~12µm) pigmented __________ bodies will be present
Chromoblastomycosis is rare in nonhuman mammals. Large (~12µm) pigmented **_sclerotic_** bodies will be present
96
Mason-Fontana silver stain can be used to demonstrate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
melanin
97
Coccidioidomycosis is caused by:
*Coccidioides immitis* and* Coccidioides posadasii*
the two differ in their preferred geographical habitats, but **both are found in the western hemisphere only!**
98
Regarding Coccidioides: What is the main infected domestic animal?
dogs.
99
How is *Coccidioides* typically transmitted?
**inhalation of arthroconidia**
Arthroconidia resist drying and tolerate heat and salinity better than competing soil organisms. Arthroconidia has also been bioweaponized!!
100
What is the treatment of choice for *Cryptococcus neoformans*?
**Fluconazole**
* "Crypto crypto pigeon poo,*
* up a cat's nose, then treat it with the flu*
* (fluconazole)"*
Yep.
101
What is *Malassezia pachydermatis* known to cause in West Highland terriers?
**Seborrhoeic dermatitis** and **epidermal dysplasia**
102
What is the most common *Aspergillus* spp. in humans and animals?
*Aspergillus fumigatus*
103
Pathogens that cause **oomycosis** belong to the kingdom:
Kingdom Stramenopila
\*\*NOT KINGDOM FUNGI, biatch!
104
Name the genus and species.
What species does it commonly infect?
What disease does it cause?
***Trichophyton mentagrophytes***
**Commonly infects canines**
**Responsible for canine and porcine ringworm**
Infection by T. mentagrophytes leads to intense inflammation (**kerion**)- swelling, ulceration and purulent exudation
105
What disease is this? Describe its symptoms.
What fungus causes this?
Feline ringworm (usually asymptomatic)
## Footnote
*Microsporum canis*
106
What fungus causes this?
*Malassezia pachydermatis*
107
This fungus causes otitis externa and saborrheic dermatitis:
*Malassezia pachydermatis*
108
Effective ____________________ helps to control the multiplication of the yeast *Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *capsulatum*
Effective **_cell-mediated immune response_** helps to control the multiplication of the yeast Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
109
What is shown here and what disease are they associated with?
What lesion does it cause on the exterior of the body?
Sclerotic bodies of Chromoblastomycosis.
Warts on the exterior
110
What's that?
*Curvularia* spp.
111
Identify.
*Coccidiodes immitis* arthrospores
112
Name the organism responsible for these adorable little trees
*Sporothrix schenckii*
113
Which one is Penicillium? Eh?
a
114
In general (not species specific), what should be the top 3 organisms on your differential list for **mastitis**?
1. *Staphylococcus aureus*
2. *Streptococcus agalactiae*
3. *E. coli*
115
In general, what should be the top 2 organisms on your differential list for **pectoral abscess**?
1. *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
2. *Staphylococcus aureus*
116
This saprophytic, encapsulated yeast usually found in air (indoor and outdoor) and sometimes on human skin was found in the ocular tissue of a 5-year-old Doberman Pinscher.
Identify the organism.
*Cryptococcus albidus*
\*\*see case studies on eCollege\*\*
117
**Coagulase** converts _________ to thrombin, which converts __________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Why is coagulase important in *Staphylococcus*?
Coagulase converts **_prothrombin_** to **_thrombin_**, which converts **_fibrinogen_** to **_fibrin_**.
Most of the pathogenic *Staphylococcus aureus* are _coagulase positive_. Coating the surface of bacteria with fibrin protects them from phagocytosis.
118
Why is **M protein **important in *Streptococcus*?
**M Protein** is a fibrillar surface protein and is important to *Streptococcus *because it _binds fibrinogen and Factor H (making it antiphagocytic_). **M Protein** is also _*toxic* to phagocytes_, further protecting *Strep* from phagocytosis
119
**Navel ill of Foals **is caused by which bacterial organism?
*Streptococcus equi* subsp. *zooepidemicus*
Navel ill of Foals is a postnatal infection of foals \<5 days old (the liiiiiittle guys). Hematogenous spread from the umbilicus leads to bacteremia or septicemia
120
What is the typical chronic disease associated with *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?*
Granuloma
121
*Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *farciminosum* causes what type of mycosis?
(cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic)
**Subcutaneous**
*Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *farciminosum* causes epizootic lymphangitis (pseudoglanders), a chronic pyogranulomatous diseases of equine
122
What is the cause of these tumor-like masses in the cat?
*Pythium insidiosum*
123
I say "Septate hyphae bearing spherical to pyriform microconidia and **tuberculate macroconidias** (thick walled spheroidal cells)," you say:
*Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *capsulatum*
(the saprophytic phase - remember, *H. capsulatum* is a dimorphic fungi)
124
Pulmonary lesions and osteomyelitis in a dog are likely caused by *which* saprophytic fungi?
*Coccidioides immitis*
125
*Histoplasma capsulatum* var. *farciminosum* is known to cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a chronic pyogranulomatous disease of equines
**epizootic lymphangitis (pseudoglanders)**
126
The purpose of the cell wall is to prevent damage to the underlying \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**protoplast**
127
T/F: The bacterial cytoplasm is composed of phospholipids, proteins, and sterols
**False.**
Sterols are in FUNGI ONLY.
128
What is the purpose of **nested PCR**?
To increase specificity.
Reduces non specific binding in products from amplification of unexpected primer binding sites
129
iron-binding compounds that can extract iron from lactoferrin or transferrin to supply iron to cells for growth are called:
siderophores
130
Examples of antibiotic synergism?
* Penicillins and aminoglycosides
* Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
131
Which class of antibiotics acts by disrupting the DNA?
Metronidazole
132
Which class of antibiotics acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis?
Beta-lactams
133
Which class of antibiotics acts by disrupting the cell membrane?
Polymyxins
134
What are some examples of antibacterial agents that prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis?
* Penicillin and cephalosporins (β-lactam ring)
* Bacitracin and vancomycin (without β-lactam ring)
135
T/F: Penicillins are mainly active against fully grown Gram-positive bacteria
False.
Penicillins are mainly active against **growing** Gram-positive bacteria
136
Name an antibiotic class that exhibits antimycobacterial activity and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by blocking DNA-directed RNA polymerase
Rifampins
137
Sterols are unique to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sterols are unique to **_fungi_**
138
T/F: Amphotericin B is an antibiotic
False.
Amphotericin B is an **antifungal**
139
The presence of ________ with endospores is diagnostic for *Coccidioides immitis*
The presence of **_spherules_** with endospores is diagnostic for Coccidioides immitis
