Bacterial taxonomics/INfection & Epidemiology Flashcards by Jessica Petersen

What are the four groups of microorganisms?

Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs

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Which of the four groups of microorganisms use light as an energy source?

Photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

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Which of the four use chemical compounds as an energy source?

Chemoautotrophs and Chemoheterotrophs

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Which of the four groups of microorganisms use Carbon dioxide directly as their carbon source?

Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

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Which of the four groups of microorganisms use organic compounds as their carbon source?

Photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

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What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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What do we call this?

Phylogenetic tree

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How are phylogenetic trees created?

Comparing rRNA of different plants/animals

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How do we determine where the deeply branching bacteria go on the phylogenetic tree?

rRNA sequences and characteristics indicate these guys branched off early in the tree of life

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Are the deeply branching bacteria autotrophic and why is this significant?

Yes; because they couldn’t eat other things at this time. There was nothing to eat.

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Many types of bacteria live in hot acidic anaerobic environments and can withstand large degrees of UV radiation, why is this significant?

There was no O zone to protect the planet from sun radiation, so early organisms had the mechanisms available to withstand this harsh environment.

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What type of bacteria acquire energy by converting light energy into chemical energy through pigment molecules?

Phototrophic bacteria

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Where are the pigments embedded in the phototrophic bacteria?

Thylakoids

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The color of bacteria is determined how?

Determined by wavelengths NOT absorbed.

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What is white light?

Combination of the entire visible specrta

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What is black?

The absence of colors and absorbs all colors. That’s why it gets hot.

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Name this phototrophic bacteria:

Cyanobacteria

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Name this phototrophic bacteria:

Green and purple phototrophs (waste product is sulfur and this gives a shiny purple hue.

purple due to the hydrogen sulfide (sulfur)

(Some green phototrophs do not use sulfur)

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What is it called when there is no oxygen produced?

Anoxygenic

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What are the two types of gram-positive bacteria?

Low G+C and High G+C

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How are the two types of gram-positive bacteria determined?

All depends on G-C content of DNA on chromosomes

<50% G-C=Low
>50% G-C=High

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Name some Low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria:

Clostridia
Mycoplasmas
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Listeria

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Name some High G+C gram-positive Bacteria:

Corynubacterium
Mycobacterium
Actinomycetes

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Name the Low G+C bacteria:

-Rod shaped, obligate anaerobes
-Frequently form endospores

Types: C. tetani (tetanus), C.perfringens (gangrene), C. botulinum (botulism), C.difficile (severe diarrhea)

Clostridia

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Name the Low G+C bacteria: -Lacking cell wall- DNA sequencing still groups them with the gram-positives -mucus membranes in the respiratory tract (Mycoplasma pneumoniae)

Mycoplasmas

Name the Low G+C bacteria: Endospore forming; peritrichous flagella; common in soil.

Bacillus

what is Bt toxin?

Can act as a pesticide in the soil to kill insects in the soil and save plants (bacillus; Gram-positive Low G+C)

Name the Low G+C bacteria: -Rod-shaped; no endospores -Can live in the freezer/cold temperatures and contaminate food Famous member: L. monocytogenes (can invade white blood cells)

Listeria

Name the Low G+C gram-positive bacteria: -Rod-shaped; no spores, naturally occurring in stomach, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina

Lactobacillus Microbial antagonist: protects the body from growth of pathogens

Name the High G+C gram-positive bacteria: Rod-shaped or pleomorphic (famous species: C. diphtheria) Reproduced by snapping division (seen as V-shapes or palisades) Acid-fast stain to identify mycobacterium

Corynebacterium

Name the high G+C gram-positive bacteria: -Exclusively aerobic species; slightly curved straight rods -Take months to grow on plates Famous member: M. leprae and M. tuberculosis

Mycobacterium

Name the High G+C gram-positive bacteria: -Form branching filaments (look like fungi) -Reproduce by spores at ends of filaments -3 sub groups: Actinomyces, Norcardia, Streptomyces(produces anti-bodies)

Actinomycetes

Name the gram-negative bacteria: -Aerobes that can survive with little nutrients -Prossess protheca

Alphaproteobacteria

Famous member: Rhizobium (a nitrogen fixer)

Alphaproteobacteria

Neisseria(Gonorrhea), Bordatella (Pertussis)

Beta-proteobacteria

Pseudomonas, Legionella (Legionnaire's disease, Pontiac Fever)

Gamma-proteobacteria

Flexible, spiral shaped bacteria; corkscrew motility

Spirochetes Trepnnema (Syphillis) Borrelia (Lyme Disease)

When individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another

Symbiosis

Both individuals obtain a net benefit from the interaction

Mutualism (+/+)

Only one individual benefits, the other receives a neutral result

Commensalism (+/0)

One individual benefits, the other receives a net loss

Parasitism (+/-)

How can normal microbiota become opportunistic pathogens?

Normal flora can get in the wrong place and cause disease or a sudden change in equilibrium or pH. Introducing a member of normal microbiota into an unusual site in the body.

Where can humans get disease?

Animal reservoirs -vectors can carry but not get sick and transmit it to others. Human carriers Non-living reservoirs

Transmission of pathogen from animal (wild or domestic) to humans:

zoonoses

HUmans giving disease to other humans

Human carriers

Examples of non-living reservoirs:

soil, water, food often holding dispersal stages of pathogens solutions: boiling water, cooking food Much more common in parts of the world with poor sanitation methods

The presence of microbes in or on the body

Contamination

Successful invasion of the body following contamination

Infection

What are the portals of entry:

Broken skin insect bite mouth nose eyes urethra anus ear vagina/penis placenta major points: -skin -mucous membranes -placental -parenteral

What is the primary portal of entry?

Mucous membranes -lines every body cavity that's exposed to the outside world

How can parenteral route of entry happen?

Direct deposit of pathogen into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membrane (punctures with nails, thorns, needles)

When infections multiple and in doing so, affect body function; any change from a state of health

Disease(morbidity)

Subjective characteristics of disease (only the patient can feel them)

Symptoms

Objective, measurable characteristics of a disease

Signs

A group of symptoms that collectively characterizes a specific disease

Syndrome

The ability to cause disease

Pathogenicity

The degree of pathogenicity

Virulence (determined by virulence factors)

What are some virulence factors?

Enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors

Name the virulence factor being described: Secreted proteins that help pathogen dissolve chemicals or structures of the body

Enzymes

Name the virulence factor being described: Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses and cause damage

Toxins toxemia: when toxins enter the blood stream and affect many sites

When immune cells "eat" the pathogen

Phagocytosis (antiphagocytic factors)

Study the stages of infectious disease:

What are the modes of infectious disease transmission?

Direct contact transmission Indirect contact transmission-through fomites (inanimate objects that carry pathogens) Droplet transmission

Name the types of vector transmission and define them:

Biological vectors: If the microbe needs that vector in order to spread Mechanical vector: Does not need a host to spread

Develops rapidly, lasts for a short period of time

Acute disease

develops slowly (less severe symptoms), but are continual or recurrent

Chronic disease

Durations and severities in between acute and chronic

Subacute disease

pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time

Latent disease

when an infectious disease comes from another infective host (directly or indirectly)

Communicable disease

A communicable disease that is easily transmitted between hosts (ex. chickenpox)

Contagious disease

Arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota (ex. E.coli, tetanus, acne, tooth decay)

Non-communicable disease

The study of where and when diseases occur, and how they spread with populations. Not limited to disease- not used to consider injuries and deaths related to automobiled, fireworks, cigarette smoking etc...

Epidemiology

number of cases after a period of time

Incidence and prevalance

number of new cases in a certain area

Incidence by geography

How are epidemics determined?

By comparison of actual cases with expected cases

Infections acquired by patients or healthcare workers when they are in healthcare facilities 10% of Americans get these each year

Nosocomial Infections

Bacterial taxonomics/INfection & Epidemiology Flashcards

(76 cards)