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BMS 100 Test 2 > Bacterial taxonomics/INfection & Epidemiology > Flashcards

Bacterial taxonomics/INfection & Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four groups of microorganisms?

A

Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs

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2
Q

Which of the four groups of microorganisms use light as an energy source?

A

Photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

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3
Q

Which of the four use chemical compounds as an energy source?

A

Chemoautotrophs and Chemoheterotrophs

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4
Q

Which of the four groups of microorganisms use Carbon dioxide directly as their carbon source?

A

Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

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5
Q

Which of the four groups of microorganisms use organic compounds as their carbon source?

A

Photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

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6
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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7
Q

What do we call this?

A

Phylogenetic tree

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8
Q

How are phylogenetic trees created?

A

Comparing rRNA of different plants/animals

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9
Q

How do we determine where the deeply branching bacteria go on the phylogenetic tree?

A

rRNA sequences and characteristics indicate these guys branched off early in the tree of life

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10
Q

Are the deeply branching bacteria autotrophic and why is this significant?

A

Yes; because they couldn’t eat other things at this time. There was nothing to eat.

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11
Q

Many types of bacteria live in hot acidic anaerobic environments and can withstand large degrees of UV radiation, why is this significant?

A

There was no O zone to protect the planet from sun radiation, so early organisms had the mechanisms available to withstand this harsh environment.

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12
Q

What type of bacteria acquire energy by converting light energy into chemical energy through pigment molecules?

A

Phototrophic bacteria

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13
Q

Where are the pigments embedded in the phototrophic bacteria?

A

Thylakoids

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14
Q

The color of bacteria is determined how?

A

Determined by wavelengths NOT absorbed.

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15
Q

What is white light?

A

Combination of the entire visible specrta

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16
Q

What is black?

A

The absence of colors and absorbs all colors. That’s why it gets hot.

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17
Q

Name this phototrophic bacteria:

A

Cyanobacteria

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18
Q

Name this phototrophic bacteria:

A

Green and purple phototrophs (waste product is sulfur and this gives a shiny purple hue.

purple due to the hydrogen sulfide (sulfur)

(Some green phototrophs do not use sulfur)

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19
Q

What is it called when there is no oxygen produced?

A

Anoxygenic

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20
Q

What are the two types of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Low G+C and High G+C

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21
Q

How are the two types of gram-positive bacteria determined?

A

All depends on G-C content of DNA on chromosomes

<50% G-C=Low
>50% G-C=High

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22
Q

Name some Low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria:

A

Clostridia
Mycoplasmas
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Listeria

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23
Q

Name some High G+C gram-positive Bacteria:

A

Corynubacterium
Mycobacterium
Actinomycetes

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24
Q

Name the Low G+C bacteria:

-Rod shaped, obligate anaerobes
-Frequently form endospores

Types: C. tetani (tetanus), C.perfringens (gangrene), C. botulinum (botulism), C.difficile (severe diarrhea)

A

Clostridia

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25
Q

Name the Low G+C bacteria:

-Lacking cell wall- DNA sequencing still groups them with the gram-positives

-mucus membranes in the respiratory tract

(Mycoplasma pneumoniae)

A

Mycoplasmas

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26
Q

Name the Low G+C bacteria:

Endospore forming; peritrichous flagella; common in soil.

A

Bacillus

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27
Q

what is Bt toxin?

A

Can act as a pesticide in the soil to kill insects in the soil and save plants (bacillus; Gram-positive Low G+C)

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28
Q

Name the Low G+C bacteria:

-Rod-shaped; no endospores
-Can live in the freezer/cold temperatures and contaminate food

Famous member: L. monocytogenes (can invade white blood cells)

A

Listeria

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29
Q

Name the Low G+C gram-positive bacteria:

-Rod-shaped; no spores, naturally occurring in stomach, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina

A

Lactobacillus

Microbial antagonist: protects the body from growth of pathogens

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30
Q

Name the High G+C gram-positive bacteria:

Rod-shaped or pleomorphic (famous species: C. diphtheria)

Reproduced by snapping division (seen as V-shapes or palisades)

Acid-fast stain to identify mycobacterium

A

Corynebacterium

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31
Q

Name the high G+C gram-positive bacteria:

-Exclusively aerobic species; slightly curved straight rods

-Take months to grow on plates

Famous member: M. leprae and M. tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium

32
Q

Name the High G+C gram-positive bacteria:

-Form branching filaments (look like fungi)

-Reproduce by spores at ends of filaments

-3 sub groups: Actinomyces, Norcardia, Streptomyces(produces anti-bodies)

A

Actinomycetes

33
Q

Name the gram-negative bacteria:

-Aerobes that can survive with little nutrients
-Prossess protheca

A

Alphaproteobacteria

34
Q

Famous member: Rhizobium (a nitrogen fixer)

A

Alphaproteobacteria

35
Q

Neisseria(Gonorrhea), Bordatella (Pertussis)

A

Beta-proteobacteria

36
Q

Pseudomonas, Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease, Pontiac Fever)

A

Gamma-proteobacteria

37
Q

Flexible, spiral shaped bacteria; corkscrew motility

A

Spirochetes

Trepnnema (Syphillis)
Borrelia (Lyme Disease)

38
Q

When individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another

A

Symbiosis

39
Q

Both individuals obtain a net benefit from the interaction

A

Mutualism (+/+)

40
Q

Only one individual benefits, the other receives a neutral result

A

Commensalism (+/0)

41
Q

One individual benefits, the other receives a net loss

A

Parasitism (+/-)

42
Q

How can normal microbiota become opportunistic pathogens?

A

Normal flora can get in the wrong place and cause disease or a sudden change in equilibrium or pH.

Introducing a member of normal microbiota into an unusual site in the body.

43
Q

Where can humans get disease?

A

Animal reservoirs -vectors can carry but not get sick and transmit it to others.

Human carriers

Non-living reservoirs

44
Q

Transmission of pathogen from animal (wild or domestic) to humans:

A

zoonoses

45
Q

HUmans giving disease to other humans

A

Human carriers

46
Q

Examples of non-living reservoirs:

A

soil, water, food

often holding dispersal stages of pathogens

solutions: boiling water, cooking food

Much more common in parts of the world with poor sanitation methods

47
Q

The presence of microbes in or on the body

A

Contamination

48
Q

Successful invasion of the body following contamination

A

Infection

49
Q

What are the portals of entry:

A

Broken skin
insect bite
mouth
nose
eyes
urethra
anus
ear
vagina/penis
placenta

major points:
-skin
-mucous membranes
-placental
-parenteral

50
Q

What is the primary portal of entry?

A

Mucous membranes -lines every body cavity that’s exposed to the outside world

51
Q

How can parenteral route of entry happen?

A

Direct deposit of pathogen into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membrane (punctures with nails, thorns, needles)

52
Q

When infections multiple and in doing so, affect body function; any change from a state of health

A

Disease(morbidity)

53
Q

Subjective characteristics of disease (only the patient can feel them)

A

Symptoms

54
Q

Objective, measurable characteristics of a disease

A

Signs

55
Q

A group of symptoms that collectively characterizes a specific disease

A

Syndrome

56
Q

The ability to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

57
Q

The degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence (determined by virulence factors)

58
Q

What are some virulence factors?

A

Enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors

59
Q

Name the virulence factor being described:

Secreted proteins that help pathogen dissolve chemicals or structures of the body

A

Enzymes

60
Q

Name the virulence factor being described:

Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses and cause damage

A

Toxins

toxemia: when toxins enter the blood stream and affect many sites

61
Q

When immune cells “eat” the pathogen

A

Phagocytosis

(antiphagocytic factors)

62
Q

Study the stages of infectious disease:

A
63
Q

What are the modes of infectious disease transmission?

A

Direct contact transmission

Indirect contact transmission-through fomites (inanimate objects that carry pathogens)

Droplet transmission

64
Q

Name the types of vector transmission and define them:

A

Biological vectors: If the microbe needs that vector in order to spread

Mechanical vector: Does not need a host to spread

65
Q

Develops rapidly, lasts for a short period of time

A

Acute disease

66
Q

develops slowly (less severe symptoms), but are continual or recurrent

A

Chronic disease

67
Q

Durations and severities in between acute and chronic

A

Subacute disease

68
Q

pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time

A

Latent disease

69
Q

when an infectious disease comes from another infective host (directly or indirectly)

A

Communicable disease

70
Q

A communicable disease that is easily transmitted between hosts (ex. chickenpox)

A

Contagious disease

71
Q

Arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota (ex. E.coli, tetanus, acne, tooth decay)

A

Non-communicable disease

72
Q

The study of where and when diseases occur, and how they spread with populations.

Not limited to disease- not used to consider injuries and deaths related to automobiled, fireworks, cigarette smoking etc…

A

Epidemiology

73
Q

number of cases after a period of time

A

Incidence and prevalance

74
Q

number of new cases in a certain area

A

Incidence by geography

75
Q

How are epidemics determined?

A

By comparison of actual cases with expected cases

76
Q

Infections acquired by patients or healthcare workers when they are in healthcare facilities

10% of Americans get these each year

A

Nosocomial Infections

BMS 100 Test 2 (16 decks)

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