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Microbiology Unit 2 > Bacterial Metabolism (BE #1) > Flashcards

Bacterial Metabolism (BE #1) Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic reactions

A
  • breaking down reactions
  • are often hydrolytic reactions (use water to break bonds)
  • produce 3 things
    1. small precursor molecules
    2. reducing power
    3. ATP
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2
Q

anabolic reactions

A
  • building up reactions
  • usually dehydration synthesis reactions
  • uses ATP
  • use the 3 things produced in catabolism to build larger molecules in the cell
  • 3 steps in anabolism
    1. biosynthesis - building blocks to monomers
    2. polymerization - monomers join to create polymers
    3. assembly - polymers assemble into biological structures (peptidoglycan forms the cell wall)
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3
Q

metabolism

A

all biochemical reactions that take place in the cell

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4
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

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5
Q

substrate

A

specific molecules that enzymes act upon

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6
Q

What determines if an enzyme can catalyze a particular chemical reaction?

A

Specificity - The enzyme must fit with their substrate.

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7
Q

Name 3 coenzymes used by cells.

A

NAD+
FAD
CoA - acetyl choline

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8
Q

Coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD function as _______ .

A

electron carriers

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9
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

O - oxidation
I - is
L - loss (of an electron)

R - reduction
I - is
G - gain (of an electron)

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10
Q

Redox reactions involve the loss and gain of _______, which can be tracked by looking for the loss and gain of ___________ .

A

electrons

hydrogens

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11
Q 
Which is in it's oxidized form?  Which is in its reduced form?
NAD+
NADH
FAD
FADH2
A

NAD+ - oxidized
NADH - reduced

FAD - oxidized
FADH2 - reduced

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12
Q

What is “reducing power?”

A

Reduced coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) will carry electrons/hydrogen to the electron transport system to make lots of ATP.

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13
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphospate

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14
Q

What is a molecule of ATP composed of?

A

nitrogenous base adenine + ribose sugar + 3 phosphates

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15
Q

Why do we call ATP the “energy molecule”? - How does it supply energy to run chemical reactions?

A

Phosphorylation - ATP transfers high energy phosphates to other compounds so they can enter into chemical reactions.

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16
Q

Name 3 ways that ATP can be generated.

A
  1. substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)
  2. oxidative phosphorylation (OP) - involves electron transport system
  3. photophosphoylation (photosynthesis)
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17
Q

In general, catabolic reactions transform raw materials into:

A
  1. small precursor molecules
  2. reducing power (NADH, FADH2)
  3. ATP
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18
Q

What’s the chemical for glucose?

A

C6H1206

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19
Q

Glycolosis

A
  • splits glucose (6 C) into two molecules of pyretic acid (3 C)
  • does not produce a lot of ATP
  • uses substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) to make ATP
  • part of aerobic & anaerobic metabolism
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20
Q

Kreb’s cycle

A
  • requires acetyl CoA;
  • produces a lot of reducing power
  • does not produce a lot of ATP
  • uses substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP
  • produces a lot of carbon dioxide
  • part of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
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21
Q

How many ATP are required to get glycolysis started?

A

2

22
Q

What are the two other names for the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

23
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s Cycle turn for each glucose molecule?

A

2 times

24
Q

Kreb’s cycle - major outputs for 1 glucose:
NADH
FADH2
ATP

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

25
Q

Pyruvic acid oxidation - major outputs for 1 glucose:
NADH
acetyl CoA
CO2

A

2 NADH
2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2

26
Q

Lots of reducing power can be turned into _______ in the electron transport system. Where does all of that reducing power come from?

A

ATP

glycolysis, pyruvic acid oxidation & Kreb’s cycle

27
Q

Why is a glucose molecule great for producing lots of ATP?

A

It’s highly reduced (it has lots of H’s)

28
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain for aerobic respiration?

What’s it reduced to?

A

Oxygen

Water

29
Q

The creation of a H+ concentration across a membrane to create ATP is referred to as _____.

A

chemiosmosis

30
Q

How many ATP are generated for each NADH?

A

3

31
Q

How many ATP are generated for each FADH2

A

2

32
Q

Why does FADH2 generate fewer ATP than NADH?

A

It drops electrons/hydrogens further down the electron transport chain, so fewer H’s will be pumped through ATP synthase, generating fear ATP.

33
Q

How many ATP are generated by bacteria in aerobic respiration?

A

38

34
Q

What are three final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain for anaerobic respiration? What are they reduced to?

A
  1. nitrate - nitrite, ammonia, or nitrogen gas
  2. sulfate - hydrogen sulfide gas
  3. carbonate users - methane gas
35
Q

Generally, anaerobic respiration generates approx. _______ % of that generated by aerobic respiration.

A

50%

36
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration generate fewer ATP than aerobic?

A

The Kreb’s Cycle is shortened - still goes around twice, but it has a smaller number of redox reactions which means a smaller number of reduces coenzymes - fewer ATP generated.

37
Q

What are the 4 major steps in anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvic acid oxidation
  3. Kreb’s cycle
  4. electron transport system
38
Q

What is a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain for fermentation?

A

There is no electron transport chain, so N/A

39
Q

What catabolic pathways do aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation have in common?

A

glycolysis (some types of fermentation also include Pyruvic Acid Oxidation)

40
Q

Where does the electron transport system occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

plasma membrane

41
Q

Name 3 major differences between fermentation and respiration.

A
  1. fewer ATP produced in fermentation (2 vs 19 in respiration)
  2. no electron transport system in fermentation
  3. oxygen not used
  4. sugars are the only substrate that can be used in fermentation
  5. substrate (glucose) must be abundant for fermentation
42
Q

Why are some cells able to survive using fermentation?

A

small size & unicellular

43
Q

Name/describe the 2 types of fermentation.

A
  1. Lactic Acid:
    Glycolysis: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + NADH
    pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid (uses up the reducing power produced in glycolysis)
  2. Alcoholic Fermentation:
    Glycolysis: glucose -> pyretic acid + 2 ATP + NADH
    Pyruvic Acid -> acetyl + carbon dioxide
    acetyladehyde + NADH -> ethanol (uses up the reducing power produced in glycolysis)
44
Q

poylmerization

A

joins building blocks to make macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)

45
Q

assembly

A

joins macromolecules to make cell structure (cell walls, flagella, ribosomes)

46
Q

biosysnthesis

A

converts precursor molecules into building blocks (amino acids, monosaccharides)

47
Q

Why do fats yield more ATP than glucose?

A

They are more highly reduced. Lots of H’s means lots of reducing power. Long fatty acid chains of carbons can be chopped up into acetyl groups (2 C’s) & fed into the Kreb’s cycle for the production of lots of reducing power. Reducing power goes into the electron transport system to make lots of ATP.

48
Q

What 3 things does anabolism get from catabolism to build in the cell?

A
  1. precursor molecules
  2. ATP
  3. reducing power (NADH, FADH2)
49
Q

strict anaerobe

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

50
Q

strict aerobe

A

cannot survive without oxygen

51
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can switch their metabolism between aerobic & anaerobic

52
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

does not use oxygen, but is not harmed by its presence

Microbiology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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