Bacterial Metabolism: Anabolism Flashcards
What are carbohydrates synthesized from?
Bonus: Give 2 examples
from activated forms of glucose
1. UDPG (uridine diphosphoglucose)
1. ADPG (adenosine diphosphoglucose)
precursor of many glucose derivatives used in synthesizing:
1. peptidoglycan component (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid)
1. lipopolysaccharide component of outer membrane of G- bacteria
uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG)
Explain
Gluconeogenesis
Oxaloacetate → Phosphoenolpyruvate → Glucose
* For when glucose is not used as carbon source (chemolithotrophs)
* Glucose is synthesized from PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate)
* No PEP = Oxaloacetate synthesizes PEP
Define
Amino Acid (AA)
monomer of polypeptides/proteins
T/F
None of the 20+ amino acids (AA) in bacteria come from nutrient sources
F
Some can obtain from nutrient sources, but not all
Explain
How is the amino group in AA derived?
From an inorganic nitrogen source (ex. ammonia)
- AAs glutamate/glutamine are synthesized via glutamate dehydrogenase/glutamine synthetase
- Ammonia is incorporated
- Ammonia can be transferred to form other nitrogenous compounds (including other amino acids)
T/F
Carbon skeletons used to synthesize AA are intermediates of glycolysis & citric acid cycle
T
Define
Nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids
3 major components of nucleotides
-
Nitrogenous base
Purines (Adenine / Guanine)
Pyrimidines (Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil) -
5-carbon sugar backbone
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA - Triphosphate group
`
Explain
Purine synthesis
Inosinic acid + ribose
AAs + CO2 + vitamins are phosphorylated → inosinic acid
Explain
Pyrimidine synthesis
Uridylate + riboxe
AAs + CO2 → backbone (orotic acid) → orotic acid is phosphorylated → uridylate
Identify
Enzyme that changes ribose → deoxyribose (for DNA)
Ribonucleotide reductase
What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) produce?
How?
pentose sugar is produced, through oxidizing glucose
List
4 products of Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- pentose sugar
- CO2
- NADPH
- ribulose-5-phosphate
How is CO2 produced in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
- Glucose has 6 C’s, so 1 C atom should be removed
- Remove 1 C → formation of 1 CO2
How is NADPH produced in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
- Reduced form of NADH
- Used by ribonucleotide reductase to convert ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides
- Also forms fatty acids, but more relevant for DNA
What is the use of ribulose-5-phosphate?
Starting material for ribonucleotide generation & gluconeogenesis
How are fatty acids & lipids related?
Fatty acids are the backbone of lipids
How are fatty acids & lipids related?
Fatty acids are the backbone of lipids
Explain
Fatty Acid biosynthesis
- Uses ACP (acyl carrier protein)
- Holds a growing fatty acid chain (while 2 C’s from malonate are added to it)
- Malonate has 3 carbons: 2 goes to fatty acid chain, 1 becomes CO2
- When fatty acid chain is formed, ACP releases it
- Ex. 16 carbons in chain = 8 malonate compounds used
Differentiate
FA membrane in bacterial species w/ cold temp vs bacterial species w/ high temp
Cold/Low temp
* More fluid
* Shorter & more unsaturated FAs
* So that FAs don’t overlap/compact → become immobile
Hot/High temp
* More rigid
* Longer & more saturated FAs
* To restrict mobility of phospholipids & proteins on their membranes
Differentiate
Lipid biosynthesis
Fats (triacylglycerides) biosynthesis
Lipid biosynthesis: FA + 1 molecule of glycerol via ester linkage
Fats (triacylglycerides): FA + 3 glycerol via ester linkage
Fill in the blank
Glycerol may have ____ additions
polar group
Fill in the blank
Glycerol may have ____ additions
polar group
