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Last Module Microbio Lec > Bacterial Diversity > Flashcards

Bacterial Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Modified T/F

Most of the Earth’s biodiversity is prokaryotic.

A

True

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2
Q

List & Differentiate

Two kinds of Diversity

A

Structural diversity
- allows prokaryotes to adapt to specific environments
- Ex. psychrophiles and thermophiles have molecular structures to thrive in extreme temperatures (adaptations in cell membrane composition and specialized proteins)

Metabolic Diversity
- how they get energy and nutrients from their environment

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3
Q

List

Domain Bacteria

12

A
  1. Proteobacteria - P
  2. Gram-Positive Bacteria - group
  3. Bacteroidetes - P
  4. Cyanobacteria - P
  5. Chlamydiae - P
  6. Planctomycetes - P
  7. The green sulfur bacteria - F
  8. Spirochetes - P
  9. Deinococcus-Thermus - P
  10. Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria - C
  11. Thermotogae - P
  12. Aquificae - P
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4
Q
  • Phylum
  • Has no defining characteristic
  • G-
A

Proteobacteria

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5
Q

List

Classes of Proteobacteria

Bonus: in order of size

6

A
  1. Gamma-
  2. Alpha-
  3. Beta-
  4. Delta- (less diverse)
  5. Epsilon- (less diverse)
  6. Zeta- (only 1 species)
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6
Q

2nd largest class of Proteobacteria

A

Alphaproteobacteria

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7
Q

List

Representative genera of Alphaproteobacteria

3

A
  1. Rhizobium
  2. Agrobacterium
  3. Rickettsia
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8
Q

Identify

  • plant symbionts
  • live in root nodules and participate in nitrogen fixation
  • Genera of Alphaproteobacteria
A

Rhizobium

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9
Q

Identify

  • causes crown gall disease in plants
  • infects plants by injecting a special plasmid into host cells
  • biotechnologists used this bacterium as a vector in recombinant DNA technology
  • Genera of Alphaproteobacteria
A

Agrobacterium

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10
Q

Identify

  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • transmitted by ticks and mites
  • Genera of Alphaproteobacteria
A

Rickettsia

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11
Q

3rd largest class of Proteobacteria

A

Betaproteobacteria

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12
Q

List

Representative genera of Betaproteobacteria

3

A
  1. Burkholderia
  2. Neisseria
  3. Chromobacterium
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13
Q
  • genera of Betaproteobacteria
  • soil bacterium
  • becoming an opportunistic pathogen in nosocomial/hospital-acquired infections
A

Burkholderia

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14
Q

genera of Betaproteobacteria
causative agent of diseases like gonorrhea

A

Neisseria

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15
Q

genera of Betaproteobacteria
soil-dwelling bacterium
produces a purple pigment called violacein
Bonus: Some years ago, a thesis pair was able to isolate and identify this from soil samples in SEC A.

A

Chromobacterium

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16
Q

Largest & most diverse class of Proteobacteria

A

Gammaproteobacteria

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17
Q

List

Representative genera of Gammaproteobacteria

4

A
  1. Escherichia (E. coli)
  2. Salmonella
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. Vibrio (V. cholerae)
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18
Q

genera of Gammaproteobacteria
enteric bacterium

A

Escherichia (E. coli)

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19
Q

genera of Gammaproteobacteria
causes salmonellosis

A

Salmonella

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20
Q
  • genera of Gammaproteobacteria
  • can become opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals
A

Pseudomonas

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21
Q
  • genera of Gammaproteobacteria
  • pathogenic bacterium that causes cholera
  • some species are bioluminescent
  • give genera & species
A

Vibrio (V. cholerae)

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22
Q

Bioluminescent species of Vibrio

A

V. fischeri, V. harveyi

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23
Q
  • genus of sulfate reducers
  • isolated from marine sediments and nutrient- rich anoxic environment
  • Representative genus of Deltaproteobacteria
A

Desulfovibrio

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24
Q
  • Genus/species that can infect the stomach lining and cause peptic ulcer
  • Representative genus of Epsilonproteobacteria
  • give genus & species
A

Helicobacter (H. pylori)

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25
Q

What are the common characteristics of the G+ bacteria group?

A

Same phylogeny & cell wall structure

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26
Q

List

Phyla of G+ Bacteria

3

A
  1. Firmicutes / low-GC G+ bacteria
  2. Tenericutes
  3. Actinobacteria
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27
Q
  • Phyla of G+ Bacteria
  • low GC content of their DNA
A

Firmicutes / low-GC G+ bacteria

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28
Q

List

Examples of Firmicutes

3

A
  1. Lactobacillus
  2. Staphylococcus
  3. Clostridium
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29
Q

Ex. of Firmicutes
lactic acid bacteria
in yogurt

A

Lactobacillus

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30
Q
  • Ex. of Firmicutes
  • common skin dwelling bacterium
  • Some strains became resistant to antibiotics
A

Staphylococcus

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31
Q

Antibiotic resistant strain of Staphylococcus

A

methicillin-resistant S. aureus / MRSA

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32
Q
  • Ex. of Firmicutes
  • endospore-forming pathogen
  • anaerobic foodborne pathoen
  • in improperly processed canned goods (inflated)
  • Give genus & species
A

Clostridium
C. botulinum

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33
Q
  • Phyla of G+ Bacteria
  • cell wall-less bacteria
  • phylogenetically related to other G+ bacteria (but don’t stain G+ bc of no cell wall)
A

Tenericutes

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34
Q

List

Examples of Tenericutes

2

A
  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Spiroplasma
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35
Q
  • Examples of Tenericutes
  • symbionts of animal and plant hosts
A

Mycoplasma

36
Q

Examples of Tenericutes
helical bacterium with screwing motility

A

Spiroplasma

37
Q
  • Phyla of G+ Bacteria
  • High GC
  • Has both disease-causing & disease-fighting bacteria
A

Actinobacteria

38
Q

List

Examples of Actinobacteria

2

A
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Streptomyces
39
Q
  • Example of Actinobacteria
  • causes tuberculosis
  • Give genus + species
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

40
Q

Bonus: How can you tell through an x-ray that a person has tuberculosis?

A

One lung has a higher opacity than the other

41
Q
  • Example of Actinobacteria
  • soil-dwelling filamentous bacteria
  • responsible for producing more than 2/3 of clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin
A

Streptomyces

42
Q
  • phylum of G- nonsporulating rods
  • Saccharolytic
  • makes them a major component in the gut microbiota of humans & other mammals
A

Bacteroidetes

43
Q

Define

Saccharolytic

A

can break down complex polysaccharides

44
Q

Examples of Actinobacteria

2

A

Bacteroides and Prevotella

45
Q

Where can you find Bacteroides and Prevotella?

A

Bacteria in the colon

46
Q

How does the host’s diet affect the prominence of Bacteroides vs the prominence of Prevotella?

A

↑ plants = ↑ Prevotella
↑ meat and fats = ↑ Bacteroides

47
Q
  • Phylum of photosynthetic bacteria
  • played a huge role in the evolution of the planet
  • first oxygenic photoautotrophs to evolve on Earth
  • turned the planet’s atmosphere from anoxic to an oxygen-rich environment
  • allowed aerobic organisms to thrive and evolve → current diverse aerobic life
  • Diff morphologies
A

Cyanobacteria

48
Q

List

Examples of Cyanobacteria

4

A
  1. Synecococchus
  2. Oscillatoria
  3. Microcystis
  4. Anabaena
49
Q

unicellular marine cyanobacterium

A

Synecococchus

50
Q

freshwater genus, filamentous
Cyanobacteria

A

Oscillatoria

51
Q
  • freshwater genus under Cyanobacteria
  • Made of colonial cells that produce toxic algal blooms
A

Microcystis

52
Q
  • nitrogen fixer
  • heterocystous morphology (cells that compose the chain of the organism have varying sizes)
  • Examples of Cyanobacteria
A

Anabaena

53
Q
  • phylum of obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells
  • cause of respiratory and sexually transmitted diseases in humans
A

Chlamydiae

54
Q

How do Chlamydiae infect hosts?

A

invade healthy cells where they replicate and eventually destroy their host cells

55
Q

Examples of Chlamydiae

2
How are they transmitted?

A

Chlamydia pneumoniae
* a respiratory pathogen

Chlamydia trachomatis
* a sexually transmitted pathogen

56
Q
  • phylum of aquatic bacteria
  • presence of a stalk and asexual reproduction via budding
  • many possess an S-layer (characteristic of archaea cells)
  • may have intracellular compartments like organelles of eukaryotic cells.
A

Planctomycetes

57
Q
  • possess a protein stalk for attachment to substratum
  • Representative genus of Planctomycetes
A

Planctomyces

58
Q

family of obligate anaerobes
thrive as anoxygenic photolithotrophs

A

Green Sulfur Bacteria

59
Q
  • genus that photo-oxidizes sulfur using chlorosomes
  • Green Sulfur Bacteria
A

Chlorobium

60
Q

Define

chlorosomes

A

light-harvesting complexes

61
Q
  • phylum of helically shaped bacteria
  • axial filaments that run along the length of the cell within the periplasmic space
A

Spirochetes

62
Q

Examples of Spirochetes
What diseases do they cause?

2

A
  1. Treponema: causes syphilis
  2. Leptospira: causes leptospirosis.
63
Q
  • phylum composed of aerobic chemoorganotrophs.
  • structurally G- (have an outer layer), but stain as G+ (thick peptidoglycan layer)
A

Deinococcus-Thermus

64
Q
  • extremely resistant to radiation
  • due to highly-efficient DNA repair enzymes
  • Example of Deinococcus-Thermus
A

Deinococcus

65
Q
  • thermophilic bacterium
  • source of the Taq polymerase (replicates DNA in PCR)
  • Example of Deinococcus-Thermus
  • Species + genus
A

Thermus (Thermus aquaticus)

66
Q
  • class of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs
  • grow best as photoheterotrophs using simple carbon sources as e- donors
A

Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria

67
Q

Example of Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria
* Where is it found?
* What is it associated with?

A

Chloroflexus
* commonly found in the lower layers of microbial mats near hot springs
* usu. associated with cyanobacteria found in the upper layers.

68
Q

hyperthermophiles w/ a toga that forms around the cell

A

Thermotogae

69
Q

Define

toga

A
  • a sheath-like envelope
  • in Thermotogae
70
Q

What is the representative genus of Thermotogae?
Where can it be found?

A

Thermotoga
thrives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor

71
Q
  • obligately chemolithotrophic and autotrophic hyperthermophiles
  • Phylum
A

Aquificae

72
Q
  • most thermophilic of all Bacteria
  • can grow in low oxygen environments at temperatures up to 95ºC
  • microaerophilic
  • representative genus of Aquificae
A

Aquifex

73
Q

List

Archaea

5

A
  1. Euryarchaeota
  2. Thaumarchaeota
  3. Nanoarchaeota
  4. Korarchaeota
  5. Crenarchaeota
74
Q

List

Members of Euryarchaeota

3

A
  1. Extreme halophiles
  2. Methanogens
  3. Hyperthermophiles
75
Q
  • inhabits environments with high salt concentration (solar salt evaporation ponds, salt lakes, surfaces of heavily salted foods)
  • requires environmental salt concentration >9%
  • most species require 12-23% salt
  • concentration (some up to 32%)
  • Ex: Halobacterium, Natronobacterium
A

Extreme halophiles

76
Q

What is the required environmental salt concentration for extreme halophiles?
What is the actual range of salt concentration for most species of extreme halophiles?

A

> 9%, 12-23% (some up to 32%)

77
Q
  • produce methane gas through methanogenesis
  • play important roles in anoxic habitats [aquatic sediments, wastewater treatment plants, animal guts (cows, termites)]
  • Ex.: Methanosarcina, Methanobrevibacter
A

Methanogens

78
Q

thermophilic and extremely acidophilic archaea

Ex.:
* Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma: lack cell walls
* Picrophilus: most acidophilic of all known microbes; can grow in pH < 0.

A

Thermoplasmatales

79
Q

List
Kinds of Hyperthermophiles

2

A
  1. Thermococcales
  2. Archaeoglobales
80
Q

Hyperthermophiles
obligately anaerobic chemoorganotrophs

A

Thermococcales

81
Q

hyperthermophilic
often isolated from hydrothermal vents

A

Archaeoglobales

82
Q

nitrifying archaea in marine environments and soil

Ex. Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaera
* Used to be Crenarchaeota
* but genome sequence analysis of Nitrosopumilus maritimus showed that it’s a unique phylum

A

Thaumarchaeota

83
Q
  • represented by one species only
  • one of the smallest cellular organisms
  • smallest genome in Archaea (0.49 mega-base pairs / 490,000 base pairs in DNA)
  • Archaeal surface symbiont to Ignicoccus hospitalis.
  • [species] is often described as “riding the hospitable fireball” (like fire around I. hospitalis)

Give phylum & species

A

Phylum Nanoarchaeota
Nanoarchaeum equitans

84
Q
  • represented by one species only
  • Hyperthermophilic
  • obligately anaerobic chemoorganotroph
  • yet to be grown in a pure culture
  • only characterized through metagenomic studies of enrichment cultures.
  • highly reliant on other species in its environment.

Give phylum & species

A

Phylum Korarchaeota
Korarchaeum cryptofilum

85
Q

mostly hyperthermophilic members
some species even growing optimally above the boiling point of water
chemolithotrophic autotrophs
primary producers in high temperature environments.

A

Crenarchaeota

86
Q

List

Kinds of Crenarchaeotes

2

A
  1. Terrestrial Volcanic Crenarchaeotes
  2. Submarine Volcanic Crenarchaeote
87
Q
  • can often be found in sulfur-rich hot springs
  • also in neutral boiling springs and acidic iron-rich springs.
  • Ex.: Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Thermoproteus, Pyrobaculum
A

Terrestrial Volcanic Crenarchaeotes

Last Module Microbio Lec (6 decks)

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