Bacterial Infections Flashcards
Pathogen Definition
Any organism OR agent that produces a disease.
Pathogenicity Definition
Ability of pathogen to cause disease.
Virulence Definition
Intensity of disease.
Acute Infection Definition
Sudden, normally short-lived. Can be severe.
Chronic Infection Definition
Develop slowly. Long lasting or recurrent.
Latent Infection Definition
Appears long time after initial infection.
Healthcare Associated Infection Definition
Results from treatment in healthcare setting.
Opportunistic Infection Definition
Caused by organisms that don’t usually infect healthy host.
Primary Infection Definition
Initial infection within patient.
Secondary Infection Definition
Infections that follow primary infection.
Septicaemia Definition
Life-threatening multiplication of pathogenic organisms in blood.
Toxaemia Definition
Toxins in the blood.
URT infection: Pharyngitis+Tonsillitis.
Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Complications.
Causes: Viral*, Streptococcus pyogenes
Symptoms: Inflamed tonsils, difficulty swallowing, fever, headache.
Treatment: Oral penicillin.
Complications: Scarlet fever, tonsillar abscesses (quinsy), otitis media, sinusitis, bacteraemia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
LRT infection: Acute bronchitis.
Causes, Symptoms and Complications.
Inflammation of trachea & bronchi.
Causes: Viral* (95%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia).
Symptoms: Cough, shortness of breath,
fever, chest pains (lasts 10-11 days).
Complications: Secondary bacterial infecitons- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.
LRT infections: Chronic bronchitis.
Causes, Exacerbated by, Symptoms and what is it Associated with.
Inflammation of trachea & bronchi. Causes: Smoking/irritants* Exacerbated by: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae. Symptoms: persistent cough (> 3 months), excessive mucous secretion. Associated with COPD.
LRT infections: Pneumonia.
Causes and Symptoms.
Infection of lungs.
Causes: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus.
Symptoms: Fever, cough (productive), shortness of breath, difficulty/pain on breathing.
LRT infections: Tuberculosis.
Causes,Symptoms and Diagnosis.
Infection of lungs.
Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Symptoms: Persistent productive cough (> 3 weeks), blood in sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of appetite/weight, fever (night), fatigue.
Diagnosis: Medicial history, chest X-ray, sputum smear.
Acute otitis media.
Causes and Symptoms.
Causes: Viral*, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae.
Symptoms: pain in ear, hearing loss,
dizziness, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea.
Conjunctivitis.
Causes, Symptoms and Treatment.
Causes: Viral*, Staphy sp. Strep sp. Haem sp. Allergic, reactive and STI associated.
Symptoms: Redness in white of eye, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, thick yellow discharge.
Treatment: topical chloramphenicol.
STI associated conjunctivitis.
Two types and complications.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Complications: Ng- severe conjunctivitis in newborn and perforation of cornea.
Ct- Inclusion conjunctivitis in adults, trachoma - leading cause of blindness.
Causes of STIs (Organisms)
Bacterial* (C. trachomatis*, N. gonorrhoeae, Tresponema pallidium), viral (HPV, HIV), Fungal (Candida albicans), protoza
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Symptoms, Complications and Diagnosis.
Symptoms (women): Discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility.
Symptoms (men): Discharge, inflammation of epididymis/prostate/urethra and infertility.
Complications (Adult): Sterility, kidney disease, trachoma.
Complications (Baby): Premature birth, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal conjunctivitis (trachoma), pneumonia.
Diagnosis: Urine or swab.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Symptoms, Complications and Diagnosis.
Symptoms (women): Discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility.
Symptoms (men): Discharge, inflammation of epididymis/prostate/urethra and infertility.
Complications (Women): sterility, systemic infection.
Complications (Baby): neonatal conjunctivitis (trachoma).
Diagnosis: Cervix/urethra swab to detect bacteria-specific antibodies.
Predisposing factors to ascending UTI.
Length of urethra, catheterisation, disruption of normal urine flow, age, diabetes (more severe infections).
Ascending UTI: lower urinary tract.
Causes and Symptoms.
Causes: cystitis - E. coli*.
Symptoms: Dysuria, asymptomatic in elderly or catheterised patients, urine may be cloudy.
Ascending UTI: upper urinary tract.
Causes and Symptoms.
Causes: pyelonephritis - E. coli*.
Symptoms: Fever, haematuria.
What causes world-wide outbreaks of severe bloody diarrhoea and how?
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and toxins damaging intestine.
What causes diarrhoea in developing countries (Travellers’ diarrhoea) and how?
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and toxins affect lining of intestine.
What causes Severe persistent diarrhoea in children in dev. countries and how?
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and bacteria disrupting microvilli on intestinal cell.
What causes bloody diarrhoea in areas of poor hygiene and how?
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and bacteria invade intestinal wall & kills cells.
Self-limiting Diarrhoea.
Causes and Treatment.
Causes: Poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk you get Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis/Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni.
Treatment: Rehydration, AB if invasive.
Typhoid fever.
Causes, Symptoms and Treatment.
Causes: Contaminated water you get S. enterica serovar Typhi/Paratyphi.
Symptoms: Fever, malaise.
Treatment: Antibiotics.
Bacillary dysentery.
Causes, Symptoms and Treatment.
Causes: Shigella sp. via oral-faecal route.
Symptoms: watery diarrhoea with pus & blood, severe abdominal cramps.
Treatment: Rehydration, antibiotics.
Food poisoning causes.
Bacterial toxins. Campylobacter jejuni (77%), Salmonella (21%), E. coli (1.4%), Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus.
Two antibiotics that lead to Antibiotic associated diarrhoea.
Tetracycline (S. aureus, C. albicans).
Clindamycin (C. difficile).
CNS Infection: Bacterial meningitis.
Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention.
Causes: Neisseria meningitidis*, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenza (Type B).
Symptoms: Sore throat, severe headache, drowsiness, fever, neck stiffness, photophobia, rash.
Treatment: Benzylpenicillin, cefuroxime.
Prevention: HiB/Men C/ACYW-135/Pnumococcal vaccines.
Cause and treatment of Boils and Folliculitis.
S. aureus.
Treat with heat, drain pus and oral AB if severe.
Cause and treatment of Impetigo.
S. aureus, S. pyogenes.
Treat with topical AB or oral if wide spread.
Cause and treatment of Erysipelas.
S. pyogenes.
Treat with oral AB or IV if severe.
Cause and treatment of Cellulitis.
S. aureus, S. pyogenes.
Treat with oral AB or IV if severe.
Types of Gangrene with cause and treatment.
Dry, wet and gas.
Dry caused by impaired blood supply.
Wet caused by impaired blood supply and bacterial infection (S. aureus, S. pyogenes).
Gas caused by deadly bacterial infection (Clostridium perfringens).
Treat all with surgery, AB.
Osteomyelitis description and cause.
Pain, fever, pus in blood vessels in bone. Dead areas. Caused by S. aureus.
Septic arthritis description and cause.
Pain, swelling, redness, fever following local infection (cellulitis). Caused by S. aureus.
Treatment for Bone and joint infections.
4-6 week AB therapy, removal of damaged bone tissue and drainage of joints.
Endocarditis cause, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Biofilm infection of inner layers of heart (Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci).
Symptoms: Temperature, heart murmur.
Diagnosis: Electrocardiography, blood cultures come back negative.
Treat with vancomycin and aminoglycoside.
Septicaemia cause, symptoms and treatment.
Severe bacterial infection of blood and the immune response to the infection.
Symptoms: High temp, rapid breathing/HR, erythematous rash.
Treat with long term AB therapy.
What is Septic shock and what is the mortality.
Systemic inflammation and coagulation prevents blood supply leading to organ failure. 50% mortality.
Toxaemia cause and symptoms.
Toxins in the blood and the immune response to the toxins. Commonly S. aureus.
Symptoms: High temp, sunburn-like rash, desquamation fo skin and multiple organ failure.
What does TSST stand for and what is desquamation.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin. Skin peeling off.
